Home > Emmanuel Research Review > Issue No. 6

Emmanuel Research Review
Resources for the urban pastor and community leader
published by Emmanuel Gospel Center, Boston
Issue No. 6 — October 21, 2004

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The Emmanuel Research Review is a publication of the Emmanuel Gospel Center. The Review features articles, papers, resources and information that we believe are helpful and relevant to urban pastors, leaders, and community members in their efforts to effectively serve their communities.

In this issue:

How Does Your Church Serve People Who Are Homeless?

Eugene Peterson writes in The Message paraphrase of James' epistle, "If a man enters your church wearing an expensive suit, and a street person wearing rags comes in right after him, and you say to the man in the suit, 'Sit here, sir; this is the best seat in the house!' and either ignore the street person or say, 'Better sit here in the back row,' haven't you segregated God's children and proved that you are judges who can't be trusted? Listen, dear friends. Isn't it clear by now that God operates quite differently? He chose the world's down-and-out as the kingdom's first citizens, with full rights and privileges. This kingdom is promised to anyone who loves God. And here you are abusing these same citizens!"

The Holy Spirit, writing through James, is asking us the same questions today. Do our churches represent the Body of Christ as welcoming sanctuaries to people who are homeless, and do we know how to respond as congregations to the needs of those who are homeless in our communities?

In our lead article, Rachel Parker, Operations Coordinator for Starlight Ministries, the Emmanuel Gospel Center's outreach to people who are homeless, invites us to consider the poor, and offers ten steps for churches wanting to be more effective in serving the very poor we may find this week on our doorsteps and in our pews.

In this edition, we have also included a wealth of FAQs on homelessness, local and national statistics on homelessness, as well as both resource web links and a bibliography of works on homelessness that you might find helpful.

Strengthening the Body While Serving People Who Are Homeless:
10 Steps for Churches

by Rachel Parker
Operations Coordinator
Starlight Ministries of the Emmanuel Gospel Center

Many of us, as individuals, know that God has called us to serve the poor and homeless in our communities. Some of our favorite biblical texts are Matthew 25:40 “…Just as you did it to one of the least of these who are members of my family, you did it to me” and Isaiah 61:1-3 “The spirit of the Lord God is upon me, because the Lord has anointed me; he has sent me to bring good news to the oppressed, to bind up the brokenhearted, …to give them a garland instead of ashes, the oil of gladness instead of mourning, the mantle of praise instead of a faint spirit.” We respond in obedience by volunteering at soup kitchens and homeless shelters, by writing letters to politicians, and by staying in or moving into low-income communities.

But how many of us—as pastors, deacons, or lay people—consciously work to make our churches more effective in serving the least of these? Do our churches represent the Body of Christ as welcoming sanctuaries to people who are homeless, and do we know how to respond as congregations to the needs of those who are homeless in our communities?

In Beyond Charity: The Call to Christian Community Development (Baker, 1993), John Perkins says this: “You see, the church is the body of Christ. It is to literally be the replacement of Jesus in a given community, doing what He would do, going where He would go, teaching what He would teach. Local churches…ought to show that the followers of one God live together as one people in fellowship with that one God.”

While service to people who are homeless begins with an individual commitment to Jesus’ call for compassion and justice, it is within the community of believers that this work can be truly effective. Was it not within the early church that believers sold their possessions and gave to everyone as needed, and “there were no needy persons among them”? (Acts 4:34)

Granted, it is much simpler to serve people who are homeless on an individual level. Mobilizing a congregation is difficult, time-consuming work. But if we accept the call to represent the Body of Christ in our congregations, then we must work together, and when we do, we will be joyfully surprised when our collaboration yields greater fruit than our individual efforts.

For the last 14 years, Starlight Ministries, which is part of the Emmanuel Gospel Center in Boston, has been serving men and women who are homeless and also equipping churches to reach out to people who are homeless in their communities. The following story shows, in very practical terms, how this collaboration sometimes works.

It’s 7:30 on a Wednesday evening, and Rev. Roberto Miranda is in a meeting with his elders at Congregación León de Judá (Lion of Judah Church) in the South End. A stranger is knocking on the door of the church. His name is Matthew, he’s homeless and intoxicated, and he’s asking for help. Miranda puts his elder meeting on hold while he listens to the gentleman’s story, and then welcomes him into the church to spend the night. The following morning, Miranda calls Paul Daigle, the director of Starlight Ministries, to ask if he can help him get Matthew into a detox. Daigle willingly escorts Miranda and Matthew to Room 5, an office in Boston which makes referrals for people in need of substance-abuse services, and successfully assists Matthew in getting admitted to a detox. A week later, Miranda calls Daigle once again, saying, “I tried calling you yesterday because another person who is homeless came to my church needing a detox. But then I realized that I didn’t need your help, because you had already gone with me and shown me what to do.” Rev. Miranda had followed the steps that Daigle had shown him the previous week, and successfully referred another individual to detox.

Starlight Ministries provides outreach services to people on the streets by bringing food, blankets, and companionship to people right where they are; by offering case management, hospitality, and recovery groups at a daytime resource center; and by building relationships with homeless youth through outreach, arts activities, and employment/education counseling. But Starlight recognizes that it’s not enough for them to work on their own, isolated from the larger Body of Christ. Inherent to their ministry is the call to equip churches to meet the needs of people who are homeless, thus expanding the network of resources available to people who are homeless while building community, cooperation, and strength among the larger Body across the city.

As part of its work to build capacity among churches in Boston, Daigle has developed ten steps for churches to take as they respond to the reality of homelessness:

1. Pray

We often consider prayer a trite duty rather than a sacred privilege and fundamental necessity in our lives. But when we recognize the profound need for churches to mobilize against homelessness, we realize how great is the need for prayer as our congregations learn to represent the Body of Christ in all its fullness. Pray specifically in three areas:

• For individuals who are homeless. In Colossians 4:12, Paul describes Epaphras “wrestling in prayer” for the members of the church at Colosse. Imagine the dignity and value you ascribe to someone who is homeless as you wrestle in prayer for his or her wellbeing.
• For direction as you and your congregation respond to homelessness. Pray individually and corporately for common vision. In Philippians 2, Paul tells the church at Philippi, “Make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and purpose.” Pray to receive the mind of Christ corporately.
• For policy changes that will reduce poverty in our nation. Homelessness can be caused by a myriad of factors, and unjust political and social structures play a role. Pray for our political leaders to enact just laws and policies.

2. Mobilize your congregation for advocacy

Take your prayers a step further and make them active by educating your congregation on political advocacy. In Proverbs 31:8-9, God commands us to “speak up for those who cannot speak for themselves, for the rights of all who are destitute. Speak up and judge fairly, defend the rights of the poor and needy.” Many of us are familiar with this on an individual level, but imagine the impact of an entire congregation simultaneously advocating on behalf of people who are homeless. In Massachusetts, there are several organizations that work with churches to advocate on behalf of the poor and the homeless, namely the One Family Campaign, Social Action Ministries, and Faith into Action Together.

3. Find out what your church is already doing in response to homelessness, and then make a plan for what you want to do

Don’t start moving ahead with a new plan of action until you have evaluated what you are already doing. Many churches will be surprised to recognize the steps that they have already taken without realizing it. Perhaps you have welcomed a person who is homeless into your congregation. Perhaps your church operates a food pantry or soup kitchen. Perhaps your church financially supports a local rescue mission. Evaluate the things that may already be happening, determine how effective they are, and then begin making a plan for future steps. Proverbs 29:18 says, “Where there is no vision, people perish.” Make your vision realistic by finding out what resources you have available and setting limits accordingly.

4. Discern real vs. illegitimate needs

When someone who is homeless presents a story to you and asks for help, take the time to ask questions, and pray for wisdom. Scamming does take place, and it is wise not to enable future scams. Giving money or other resources to an individual who is scamming does not help the individual, and it can lead to cynicism, judgmental attitudes, and burn-out among congregations. It is well worth your time and energy on the front end of an encounter to clarify the real story.

5. Learn about local resources

There are likely many trained professionals in your area who are equipped to serve people who are homeless. These may be employees of a homeless shelter, food bank, or advocacy group, or there may be published or online materials that you can access. Learn about these resources, not only for your own education, but also so that you can refer people who are homeless to them when appropriate. (For examples of these kinds of resources in the Boston area, see the “Resources” section below).

6. Form strategic partnerships

After familiarizing yourself with local resources, learn how your church can partner with local organizations. This is especially useful if you feel ill-equipped to discern real needs from illegitimate ones. Imagine the scenario: A person who is homeless comes to your church office on a Wednesday morning and asks for some money to take the bus to another state to attend his mother’s funeral. You’ve never met him before, and have no way of knowing whether or not he is legitimately trying to attend a funeral. This problem has been successfully addressed by one church in Boston that has formed a partnership with the local branch of Traveler’s Aid. When the church is confronted with this exact situation—a person needing travel assistance—the pastor gives his business card to the individual and shows him or her how to make the short walk to the Traveler’s Aid office. The staff at Traveler’s Aid then assess the situation and, because of their training and resources, are able to verify whether or not the travel need is legitimate. If they determine that it is, they will call the church, which will then make up the balance of the transportation costs not covered by Traveler’s Aid.

7. Appoint individuals to be points of contact for those in need

In Acts 6 we see deacons appointed to the ministry of providing food for the widows who were neglected. This benefited the entire church community—not only were the widows given more attention and a known group of people set aside to meet their needs, but the disciples were given more freedom to minister to the larger community. In your congregation, who are the points-of-contact for people in need? Is it the receptionist or janitor, who may be the first to encounter guests in the church building? Is it the pastor? A deacon? The head usher? Make more efficient use of the Body by utilizing these people as resources and giving them proper training, rather than haphazardly allowing the responsibility to fall on someone who may not be equipped to respond.

8. Establish an accepting and welcoming culture in your church

James makes this unquestionably clear in his second chapter: “Suppose a man comes into your meeting wearing a gold ring and fine clothes, and a poor man in shabby clothes also comes in. If you show special attention to the man wearing fine clothes and say, ‘Here’s a good seat for you,’ but say to the poor man, ‘You stand here,’ or ‘Sit on the floor by my feet,’ have you not discriminated among yourselves and become judges with evil thoughts?” Practice nondiscriminatory hospitality to all who enter your church doors and sit in your pews. Establishing a welcoming culture means that the entire congregation is responsible for hospitality, not just the greeters on duty. Some of Starlight’s greatest success stories of people coming off the streets have taken place when men and women—some of whom had been homeless for 25 or 30 years—became integrated into a local church.

9. Support the work of other organizations that are doing the work

Do what you can as a congregation to support the work that is happening in your area with people who are homeless. This builds cooperation, and it also expands the capacity of the current work that is happening. Pray as a congregation for other organizations, ministries, and churches that are active in serving people who are homeless. Give to them financially. Support them physically by sending out members of your church to volunteer with them.

10. Provide spiritual as well as tangible resources

Beware of extremes. Churches tend to fall on one end or another of a broad spectrum: They either hand out tracts and preach while neglecting people’s physical needs, or they feed and clothe the hungry and naked without addressing spiritual needs. Neither extreme is acceptable in holistic ministry. We must address individuals who are meant to be in shalom, in overall wholeness and wellbeing. See how biblical texts complement—rather than contradict—one another. For instance, in Matthew 25 we see the need for feeding the hungry, hosting the stranger, clothing the naked, caring for the sick, and visiting the prisoner as if they were Jesus incarnate. A few chapters earlier, in Matthew 16:26, Jesus asks, “What will it profit them if they gain the whole world but forfeit their life?” Jesus commands us to meet the physical needs of people, while also providing opportunities to respond to his life-saving grace.

We are the Body of Christ

In 1 Corinthians 12 we read, “The body is a unit, though it is made up of many parts; and though all its parts are many, they form one body… If one part suffers, every part suffers with it; if one part is honored, every part rejoices with it. Now you are the body of Christ, and each one of you is a part of it.” As a Body, the godly response to the suffering of our brothers and sisters who are homeless is for us to grieve alongside them. For not only do they suffer in body as they survive on the streets, but they suffer in spirit as they encounter rejection and exclusion at our church doors. However, as we learn to serve them and incorporate them into our congregations, we will find ourselves rejoicing together as our Body begins to experience the wholeness that Jesus intends.

Originally published in PRISM magazine (800-650-6600), reproduced here by permission.

Scripture in this article from The New Revised Standard Version, copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. All rights reserved.

Rachel Parker, operations coordinator for Starlight Ministries of the Emmanuel Gospel Center, graduated from Bethel College, St. Paul, Minnesota, with a BA in socio-cultural studies. Before coming to EGC in April, 2003, she worked at the Boston Rescue Mission. Rachel and her husband, Jonathan, live in Boston and are members of River of Life Church in Jamaica Plain.

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National Statistics on Homelessness

How many people are homeless?

• 3.5 million people are likely to experience homelessness in a given year (Urban Institute, 2000).

  As compiled by The National Coalition for the Homeless. Fact Sheet #2, September 2002. http://nationalhomeless.org/numbers.html

• 700,000 a night are homeless. In New York City between 1988-1992, 3% of the city’s population was homeless; in Philadelphia between 1990-1992, 3% of the city’s population was homeless at some point (not including private shelters).

  As compiled by The National Coalition for the Homeless. Fact Sheet #2. 1999. http://nationalhomeless.org/facts.html

Who is Homeless?

Age	Gender	Families	Ethnicity
39% are children 51% are between the ages of 31 and 50	41% are single men 14% are single women	40% of the total homeless population are families The average family shelter stay is nearly a year. Approximately half of all women and children experiencing homelessness are fleeing domestic violence.	49% African-American 35% Caucasian 13% Hispanic 2% Native American 1% Asian

As compiled by The National Coalition for the Homeless - Fact Sheet #3, May 2004.
http://nationalhomeless.org/who.html

How many people who are homeless can work to afford housing?

• There is no state in which an extremely low-income household can afford the fair market rent on a two-bedroom home.

• An example from Massachusetts: If the housing wage is 30% of income, then the suggested salary for one wage earner to support a two-bedroom fair market apartment is $46,592 per year or $22.40 an hour. However, the current minimum wage income is $14,040 per year or $6.75 an hour. This would require a 133-hour work week!

  National Low Income Housing Coalition. “Housing Remains ‘Out of Reach’ for Millions of Americans.” ( 2003) http://www.nlihc.org/oor2003/pressrelease.htm

For additional statistical info:

National Symposium On Homelessness Research (1998), Demographics and Geography: Estimating Needs by Martha R. Burt, Ph.D. http://aspe.hhs.gov/progsys/homeless/symposium/1-demograp.htm

National Alliance to End Homelessness, A Plan, Not A Dream: How to End Homelessness in Ten Years, A Snapshot of Homelessness http://www.naeh.org/pub/tenyear/demograp.htm

Boston Statistics on Homelessness

Between 1992 and 2002	Between 2002-2003
41% increase in total homeless population 71% increase in homeless children 59% increase in homeless women 25% increase in men	3.4% increase in total homeless population. 5.9% increase in families 10% increase in women

Taken from City of Boston Homeless Census 2002-2003. (The most recent report from 2003-2004 is available here: http://www.cityofboston.gov/shelter/pdfs/report_04.pdf)

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Frequently Asked Questions on Homelessness

The answers to these questions are located on the Emmanuel Gospel Center's website. If the links on this page do not take you to the answers, go to: www.egc.org/programs/starlight_ministries/homelessness/homelessness_faqs.html

Definitions & Scope (FAQ1)

• What is homelessness?
• Why are people homeless?
• Who is homeless?
• How many people experience homelessness?

Family Homelessness (FAQ2)

• Who are these homeless families?
• Why are families homeless?
• What is needed to end family homelessness?

Youth & Young Adult Homelessness (FAQ3)

• What is youth and young adult homelessness?
• What are the causes of youth homelessness?
• What are the challenges facing homeless youth?

Mental Illness & Homelessness (FAQ4)

• What is mental illness?
• Why are so many people with serious mental illnesses homeless?
• What do we know about people who are homeless with serious mental illnesses?
• Are mental illnesses treatable?
• What can we do to end homelessness among people with serious mental illness?

Substance Abuse & Homelessness (FAQ5)

• What is “substance abuse disorder?”
• What is the relationship between homelessness and substance abuse?
• What is the nature of the substance abuse problem?
• Are there particular challenges to substance abuse treatment?

Giving Money to Homeless Individuals (FAQ6)

• How do I decide whether to give money or not?
• What are some alternatives to giving spare change or handouts?

Research Resources on the Web

NATIONAL: United States

Bread for the World (http://www.bread.org/) has excellent resources for churches interested in congregational advocacy.

The National Coalition for the Homeless (http://www.nationalhomeless.org/) has online directories pointing to local resources.

The National Alliance to End Homelessness (http://www.naeh.org/) provides legislative alerts about policies related to homelessness.

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (www.hud.gov/library/bookshelf06) has an online library with links to nationwide homelessness resources.

National Runaway Switchboard 1-800-621-4000 (http://www.nrscrisisline.org/) has a hotline and website with information and crisis intervention for youth and families.

Association of Gospel Rescue Missions, 1045 Swift Street, Kansas City, MO 64116-4127, USA 816-471-8020 (http://www.agrm.org/).

STATE: Massachusetts

One Family Campaign (http://www.onefamilycampaign.org/) helps faith communities in Massachusetts advocate on behalf of people who are homeless.

Social Action Ministries of the Massachusetts Housing and Shelter Alliance (617-527-5576) promotes collaboration among social organizations and congregations to respond to homelessness.

Faith into Action Together, of the Massachusetts Coalition for the Homeless (www.mahomeless.org/programs/fiat.html) educates and mobilizes faith communities for advocacy about preventing homelessness, affordable housing, etc.

Mass Homeless Health (http://www.masshomelesshealth.org/) is an online database of resources for people who are homeless in Massachusetts.

LOCAL: Boston and Cambridge:

Starlight Ministries (617-262-4567) is part of the Emmanuel Gospel Center in Boston. We offer trainings regularly to people who are interested in learning more about homelessness; contact our office for more information.

Starlight Ministries' Shelters and Resources List (www.egc.org/programs/starlight_ministries/homelessness/homelessness_resources.html) is an html page of shelters and resources for people who are homeless in the Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, area.

Directory of Resources for People Homeless in Cambridge (http://www.cambridgema.gov/~DHSP/msc/resdir2003.pdf) links to a pdf file listing resources available for people in Cambridge who are homeless; call 617-349-6209 for a hard copy.

Boston Resource Net (http://www.bostonresourcenet.org/) is an online database of human services in Boston.

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Print Resources

Booth, William. In Darkest England and the Way Out. Chicago: C. H. Sergel & Co., 1890; reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. Chronicles the beginnings of the Salvation Army in London in the late 1800's. Also available as an e-book from the Gutenberg Project at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/475.

City of Boston, Emergency Shelter Commission. Homelessness In The City of Boston, Winter 2003-2004.http://www.cityofboston.gov/shelter/pdfs/report_04.pdf. Annual census report of the homeless population in the City of Boston.

Elliot, Michael. Why The Homeless Don’t Have Houses and What to Do About It. New York: Pilgrim Press, 1993.

Grady, Duane. Helping the Homeless: God’s Word in Action. Elgin, Ill.: Brethren Press, 1988.

Grisham, John. The Street Lawyer. New York: Dell, 1999. A fictional story in which a high-powered young lawyer has an epiphany and begins to help society's powerless and to advocate for justice.

Hammond, Trey. “Homelessness.” Church and Society 91, no. 5 (May-June 2001): 1-152. Compilation of articles on homelessness by multiple authors.

Kozol, Jonathan. Rachel and Her Children: Homeless Families in America. New York: Crown Pub, 1988. Reprint, New York: Fawcett Books, 1999. Argues that homelessness is caused by the lack of low-cost housing, describes the experiences of the homeless, and explains why the current welfare system is inadequate and misdirected.

Liebow, Elliot. Tell Them Who I am: The Lives of Homeless Women. New York: Macmillian, 1993. Reprint, New York: Penguin Books, 1995. A study of women living in homeless shelters. Anthropologist author Liebow (Catholic University of America) is also the author of Tally's Corner (1967).

McDaniel, James A., ed. Homelessness and Affordable Housing: A Resource Book for Churches. NY: United Church Board for Homeless Ministries, 1989.

Ploeg, Jan van der, and Evert Scholte. Homeless Youth. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1997. Defines and analyzes the problem of youth homelessness in the western world while providing a practical, thorough and comprehensive strategy for practitioners and policymakers dealing with all aspects of this issue.

Rossi, Peter H. Down and Out In America: The Origins of Homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Provides a comprehensive picture of homelessness and explanation of its causes, proposes short-and long-term solutions, and documents the contrasts between the homeless of the 1950s and 1960s and the contemporary population, which is younger and contains more women, children, and blacks.

Rowe, Michael. Crossing The Border: Encounters Between Homeless People and Outreach. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 1999. Examines both the dilemmas and opportunities of outreach work to the mentally ill homeless. This study asks us to consider the broader questions about how we relate to the poor and other marginal persons at the border of society.

Singer, Marc, Director. Dark Days. Palm Pictures / Mango Video. Ryco Distribution, 2001. DVD. Available on Amazon.com. Multi-award winning documentary film about a community of homeless people living in a train tunnel beneath Manhattan.

Temple, Gray, Jr. 52 Ways to Help Homeless People. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Books, 1991. A practical guide for those who want to know how to respond to the needs of the homeless.

U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research. Strategies For Reducing Chronic Homelessness–Final Report. Washington, D.C.: January 2004. http://www.huduser.org/Publications/PDF/ChronicStrtHomeless.pdf links to a pdf file. A HUD report on chronic homelessness (348 pages).

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The Emmanuel Research Institute

Who we are:

The mission of the Emmanuel Research Institute (ERI), an applied research and consulting service of the Emmanuel Gospel Center in Boston, is to make information available that builds the capacity of urban churches and organizations to make decisions for effective action. Through research, training, and consulting, we equip urban churches and the organizations that support their work to better understand their urban community systems and serve them more effectively.

The Emmanuel Research Institute offers:

• Basic research such as The Boston Church Directory, periodically revised.
• Topical research such as studies on church-based youth ministry or access to higher education.
• Conferences and consultations that bring different parts of the community together to listen, discuss results, interpret meaning, and decide on next steps.
• Training on how to do applied research. Applied research is original work undertaken primarily to acquire new knowledge in order to develop an effective response. ERI’s training emphasizes practical application leading to organizational development and programmatic response.
• Published results of applied research to facilitate applied research by others.
• Individual and group consulting related to applied research, program development, strategic planning, evaluation, systems thinking, systems analysis, and church infrastructure.
• Speakers on a wide range of urban ministry topics.

ERI is working to strengthen and enhance its capacity to provide the following categories of products and services, some of which are already available and some of which are in development:

• Data for Informed Decision-Making – ERI will regularly gather, categorize, and maintain information on ethnic and immigration demographics, socio-political, economic, and cultural trends, trends and indicators of church vitality, trends and initiatives in parachurch and faith-based ministry, community needs assessments, and other topics.
• Training and Technical Assistance – ERI will deliver practical training, seminars, and consulting tailored to the needs of urban congregations and the organizations that support their work. These will include “Developing Learning Teams,” “Using Systems Thinking and Analysis,” “Research and Writing in Urban Studies,” “The Inner City – A Context For Ministry,” and “Listening to Your Community.” Some of this training will be offered through individualized technical assistance (working with a single church or organization), while some will be available in seminar or classroom settings.
• High-Quality Scholarship and Tools – ERI will publish, summarize and review studies, papers, and other tools that will help churches and parachurch organizations work more effectively in the urban context. We intend to develop online tools for access to this information, and better catalogue the printed resources for easier access.
• A Network of Resources – ERI maintains longstanding relationships with a variety of institutions that support local congregations, church leaders and faith-based organizations in their efforts to enhance their community effectiveness.

We look forward to working with your church or organization. Please contact us if you have specific questions, if you wish to discuss a project proposal, or if you need information.

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Emmanuel Research Review, copyright ©2004, Emmanuel Gospel Center. All rights reserved. For permission to reprint any or all of this newsletter, contact Rudy Mitchell by email or write:

Emmanuel Gospel Center
2 San Juan Street
PO Box 180245
Boston MA 02118-0994

Send your ideas and comments to:

• Rev. Jay Broadnax, Research Director, 617.262.4567 x180
• Rudy Mitchell, Senior Researcher, 617.262.4567 x133
• Brian Corcoran, Research Associate, 617.262.4567 x202
• Steve Daman, Editor

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