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Your church has just received a request to use its space for a community event. How do you decide whether to approve it? What factors should you consider? Who in your congregation makes that call?

Tax-Exemption Issues For Mass. Churches and Religious Organizations

As churches explore ways to more fully use their buildings, they also need to consider any potential issues that might affect their tax-exempt status.

Exploring Church Spaces

Christians look on in dismay as empty churches are converted into luxury condos, but congregations are beginning to reassess how their sacred spaces are used outside Sunday worship.

Challenges and Solutions for Maximizing Church Spaces in Boston

While many churches in Boston share their space with congregations, nonprofits, or community members, several barriers prevent them from fully utilizing their properties for mission.

Churches open to reimagining how their spaces can be utilized may discover new ways to serve their communities, build stronger connections, and contribute to the financial sustainability of their facilities.

Four Ways Churches Use Their Space for Economic Empowerment

Some churches have successfully transformed their properties into dynamic community centers offering various services, from food pantries and after-school programs to cultural events and neighborhood meetings.

Churches faced with aging buildings, lack of parking, and aging, dispersed membership may find selling their buildings necessary—or even advantageous. What happens to the buildings when they do?

Shared Worship Space - An Urban Challenge and a Kingdom Opportunity

With limited meeting space in some of our cities, how do churches who practice their faith in different ways gather under the same roof and learn to love each other?

Emmanuel Gospel Center 8/15/25 Emmanuel Gospel Center 8/15/25

Tax-Exemption Issues For Mass. Churches and Religious Organizations

As churches explore ways to more fully use their buildings, they also need to consider any potential issues that might affect their tax-exempt status.

(Clockwise from top left: stevegeer, Joaquín Cobalán, designer491, kuarmungadd, all via Getty Images)

Tax-Exemption Issues For Mass. Churches and Religious Organizations

Cases to know when thinking about innovating church property

by Rudy Mitchell, Senior Researcher

Editorial note: The Emmanuel Gospel Center prepared this resource as part of “Exploring Church Spaces,” a research project designed to highlight stories of innovation and impact already happening in Boston and to help inspire new collaborations and solutions. This document is not to be taken as official legal advice but is for informational purposes only for churches considering new uses and rentals of their property.

As churches explore ways to more fully use their buildings to further their mission and benefit the community, they also need to consider any potential issues that might affect their tax-exempt status.

Churches can anticipate and avoid negative impacts by studying relevant state laws and rulings in court cases.

In Massachusetts, the applicable law on tax exemption for religious organizations is Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 59, Section 5, Clause 11 (M.G.L. c. 59, § 5, cl. 11). Clause 11, the law pertaining specifically to religious organizations, is part of a larger section related to property exemptions. That section includes Clause 3, a separate law pertaining more broadly to charitable organizations. It is important for churches to note the differences in the application of these two clauses to the use of their properties.

Several court cases discussed in this article shed more light on the interpretation of these property tax-exemption laws.

Also, when exploring additional uses or rentals, churches should note the distinction between appropriating exclusive full-time rental of space versus allowing occasional use of a space or building still used by the church for its mission and purposes.

Renting to a nonprofit?

Significance

A case involving the La Sallette Shrine and Conference Center is instructive because it considers several different aspects of the tax-exempt status of religious organizations and their various types of property. The rulings here may not always apply to other situations, especially if significant differences exist. However, the La Sallete case does illustrate several issues in determining tax exemption.

Explanation

The La Sallette Shrine and Conference Center in Attleboro, Massachusetts, is a Roman Catholic religious organization. It holds a multi-use property of 200 acres with high visibility because it draws thousands of visitors for its retreats and Christmas festival of lights. While it is not a typical church, it does hold religious services and carries out various forms of religious instruction like other tax-exempt churches.

The organization’s property included a welcome center, dining hall, gift shop, maintenance and storage buildings, overnight accommodations, a wildlife sanctuary area, and a former convent rented to a nonprofit organization serving battered women. The La Sallette Shrine also rented space to outside organizations for occasional use.

The town sought to tax several parts of the property while the owners defended their tax-exempt status. The court case that ensued, Shrine of Our Lady of La Sallette Inc. v. Board of Assessors of Attleboro, 473 Mass. 660 (2017), was decided in the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts.

The case arose when the Board of Assessors of Attleboro sought to raise more taxes by identifying parts of the La Sallete Shrine property as taxable. The Shrine appealed a decision of the Appellate Tax Board to the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The court ruled that the Shrine’s welcome center, maintenance building, and other associated properties were tax-exempt because they were related to carrying out the organization’s mission.

However, the court did not rule for tax-exempt status for the former convent and the wildlife sanctuary. This is where the subtle but significant difference between the third and eleventh clauses in Massachusetts’ property tax-exemption law mentioned above come into play.

The Shrine had leased the convent space to a nonprofit organization to use as a safe house for battered women, and the Massachusetts Audubon Society managed the wildlife sanctuary. But it had failed to file for tax-exemption for those two properties under the correct clause.

According to the case summary, “The safe house and wildlife sanctuary might have been exempt from real estate taxation under G. L. c. 59, § 5, Third (Clause Third), as the property of a benevolent or charitable organization devoted to charitable use, had the Shrine satisfied the filing requirements for such an exemption, but they were not exempt under Clause Eleventh.”

While Clause Eleventh applies specifically to religious organizations and worship-related uses, Clause Third pertains more broadly to charitable uses, including those not explicitly religious in nature.

In its ruling, the court, nevertheless, made clear that it understands a religious organization’s property extends beyond the sanctuary where the religious activity principally takes place. There’s the parking lot, parish hall, offices, and storage areas, to name a few. What matters is that these areas are used in ways connected with the religious worship going on in the sanctuary.

“In interpreting the scope of Clause Eleventh, we recognize that a house of religious worship is more than the chapel used for prayer and the classrooms used for religious instruction. It includes the parking lot where congregants park their vehicles, the anteroom where they greet each other and leave their coats and jackets, the parish hall where they congregate in religious fellowship after prayer services, the offices for the clergy and staff, and the storage area where the extra chairs are stored for high holy days. In some houses of religious worship, all of these portions of property (apart from the parking area) may be located with the chapel in a single building; in others with larger congregations, they may be located in multiple buildings, some adjoining the chapel, some standing alone. We have long recognized that all of these portions of property are exempt from taxation under Clause Eleventh even if no religious worship occurs within these spaces; it suffices that they are used for ‘purposes connected with’ religious worship, Proprietors of the S. Congregational Meetinghouse in Lowell v. Lowell, 1 Met. 538, 541 (1840), or, otherwise stated, purposes that ‘normally accompany and supplement the religious work of a parish.’ Assessors of Framingham v. First Parish in Framingham, 329 Mass. 212, 215 (1952).”

In addition to the long-term leases of the convent space and wildlife sanctuary, the La Sallete Shrine would also rent space to outside users for occasional use. The court ruled that these uses did not change the organization’s tax-exempt status.

“The occasional or incidental use of such property by an organization exempt from taxation under the provisions of [26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3)] of the Federal Internal Revenue Code shall not be deemed to be an appropriation for purposes other than religious worship or instruction.”

The lesson here for churches is that while they may not have a convent or a wildlife sanctuary, they may want to rent a designated building or space for the exclusive use of another nonprofit. In that case, they should check on and comply with any filing requirements for an exemption for that usage.

Using the parsonage for another purpose?

Significance

A case involving a parish in Royalston, Massachusetts, considers the tax-exempt status of a piece of church property that is no longer used for its original purpose but is still used in a way that is connected to and supplements the religious work of the church.

Explanation

The First Congregational Church in Royalston, Massachusetts, had a parsonage that the congregation’s pastor no longer occupied. However, the church continued to use the space for other church-related purposes.

A case concerning the property went before the Appellate Tax Board of Massachusetts. In a 2017 decision, the commissioner ruled that the church, whose nearby parsonage was no longer occupied by the church pastor, was, nevertheless, still tax-exempt because the church and church groups still used it for meetings and storage related to the church’s mission.

The decision stated: “The relevant inquiry is not whether the property is inhabited as a parsonage, but whether its dominant use is ‘connected with,’ religious worship and instruction, and which ‘normally accompan[ies] and supplement[s]’ the religious work of a parish.”

Letting secular groups use a parish building?

Significance

A case involving a church in Framingham, Massachusetts, considers the tax-exempt status of a parish building that the church occasionally allows secular community groups to use.

Explanation

In the early 1950s, the First Parish in Framingham was involved in a court case with the Assessors of Framingham over the occasional use of the church’s parish building by secular community groups. It is an example of a parish with a second large building adjacent to the church.

The congregation made the building available to various community organizations, such as a historical society, a library committee, a global humanitarian organization, a choral society, a parent-teacher association, and youth organizations for boys and girls. Some made donations to the church, while some did not. These were occasional uses and did not interfere with the regular use of the building by the Sunday School and church groups.

The tax assessors of Framingham sought to obtain taxes on the building because it was being used on occasion by various secular groups.

In this case, Assessors of Framingham v. First Parish in Framingham, 329 Mass. 212, 215, (1952), the church’s parish building was used partially as a parsonage and partially for Sunday School classes as well as meetings and dinners of church groups.

A key distinction in this ruling allowing full exemption of the space was that the use by external organizations did not interfere with the dominant, normal religious activities in the space. The church carefully documented the church’s weekly use of each room in the building and identified each external user. The external groups were not given exclusive ongoing use of the spaces.

The assessors only cited cases where churches rented space for the exclusive use of businesses or tenants; therefore, those cases were not deemed relevant.

The ruling, which favored the church, read:

“The occasional use of the rooms by various secular organizations which does not appear to have interfered with their regular use for religious purposes does not, we think, constitute an appropriation for other purposes…In the instant case the occasional use was incidental to the continued and regular occupation of the rooms for religious purposes. The right of exemption from taxation, which depends on the dominant purpose for which the rooms are maintained and their actual use for that purpose, was therefore not affected.”

This case is differentiated from others where the church appropriates a building or space for the exclusive, permanent, non-religious use of a tenant. If a church anticipates that a proposed rental may result in the loss of a tax exemption, it could require the renter to pay the equivalent of the taxes as part of the rental agreement.

As churches consider additional uses for their tax-exempt property, including parsonages and parish houses, they can be guided by various precedents in interpreting the relevant state laws. Churches can expand their church usage in new ways to benefit the community as they continue to focus on their church mission.

If they emphasize the purposes that “normally accompany and supplement the religious work of a parish,” and do not allow other uses to interfere with those purposes, they will preserve their tax-exempt status and effectively advance their mission.

Supplement

Massachusetts law provides tax exemptions for churches, their houses of worship, and related properties. In Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 59, Section 5 (M.G.L. c. 59, § 5), Clause 11 specifically names a few denominations. However, the exemption applies broadly to many religious organizations, regardless of denomination:

“Notwithstanding the provisions of any other general or special law to the contrary, houses of religious worship owned by, or held in trust for the use of, any religious organization, and the pews and furniture and each parsonage so owned, or held in irrevocable trust, for the exclusive benefit of the religious organizations, and including the official residences occupied by district superintendents of the United Methodist Church and the Christian and Missionary Alliance and of the Church of the Nazarene, and by district executives of the Southern New England District of the Assemblies of God, Inc., Unitarian–Universalist Churches and the Baptist General Conference of New England, and the official residence occupied by the president of the New England Synod of the Lutheran Church in America, Inc., and the official residence occupied by a person who has been designated by the congregation of a Hebrew Synagogue or Temple as the rabbi thereof, but such exemption shall not, except as herein provided, extend to any portion of any such house of religious worship appropriated for purposes other than religious worship or instruction. The occasional or incidental use of such property by an organization exempt from taxation under the provisions of 26 USC Sec. 501(c)(3) of the Federal Internal Revenue Code shall not be deemed to be an appropriation for purposes other than religious worship or instruction.”

Information from the third clause of the law applies to nonprofits. Churches and religious organizations should consider this clause and similar information in the 501(C) (3) federal tax code. Here is Clause 3A from M.G.L. c. 59, § 5:

“If any of the income or profits of the business of the charitable organization is divided among the stockholders, the trustees or the members, or is used or appropriated for other than literary, benevolent, charitable, scientific or temperance purposes or if upon dissolution of such organization a distribution of the profits, income or assets may be made to any stockholder, trustee or member, its property shall not be exempt.”

***This document is not to be taken as official legal advice but is for informational purposes only for churches considering new uses and rentals of their property.

Conclusion: Key Takeaways and Next Steps

Churches play a vital role in the social and spiritual fabric of Massachusetts communities. As they seek to steward their properties creatively and missionally—whether through expanded programming, community partnerships, or shared space—they must also remain attentive to the legal frameworks that govern tax exemption. The cases and rulings discussed here highlight the importance of maintaining a dominant religious purpose in property use and avoiding exclusive arrangements that may compromise exemption status.

With thoughtful planning and awareness of legal boundaries, churches can continue to innovate in ways that align with their mission while preserving the protections afforded to them under state law.

Next Steps

As your church considers new ways to use its property, here are several practical steps to help preserve your tax-exempt status while faithfully serving your mission:

Review your current property uses in light of the primary purpose test: Is each space used in a way that supports or supplements your religious mission?
Consult with legal or tax professionals familiar with M.G.L. c. 59, § 5 and relevant case law before entering into new rental agreements or usage partnerships.
Document how spaces are used, especially when occasional or incidental outside uses are permitted. Maintain clear records showing the dominance of religious-related activity. Ensure that any non-religious activities do not interfere with your core religious mission.
Clarify with renters whether they are receiving exclusive use of the space, and consider including clauses in agreements that address tax liability if exemption is lost.
File appropriate paperwork if your church wishes to claim exemption under Clause Third for space used by another nonprofit with a charitable purpose.
Continue learning from peer churches navigating similar challenges and opportunities, and consider joining conversations and trainings offered through local networks or the Exploring Church Spaces initiative.

By taking these proactive steps, churches can confidently explore how to use their spaces more fully—creatively and missionally—while remaining in compliance with Massachusetts tax-exemption laws.

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Resources

Your church has just received a request to use its space for a community event. How do you decide whether to approve it? What factors should you consider? Who in your congregation makes that call?

Tax-Exemption Issues For Mass. Churches and Religious Organizations

As churches explore ways to more fully use their buildings, they also need to consider any potential issues that might affect their tax-exempt status.

Exploring Church Spaces

Christians look on in dismay as empty churches are converted into luxury condos, but congregations are beginning to reassess how their sacred spaces are used outside Sunday worship.

Challenges and Solutions for Maximizing Church Spaces in Boston

While many churches in Boston share their space with congregations, nonprofits, or community members, several barriers prevent them from fully utilizing their properties for mission.

Four Ways Churches Use Their Space for Economic Empowerment

Churches faced with aging buildings, lack of parking, and aging, dispersed membership may find selling their buildings necessary—or even advantageous. What happens to the buildings when they do?

Shared Worship Space - An Urban Challenge and a Kingdom Opportunity

With limited meeting space in some of our cities, how do churches who practice their faith in different ways gather under the same roof and learn to love each other?

Emmanuel Gospel Center 7/31/25 Emmanuel Gospel Center 7/31/25

Church Landscape Review: Pressed But Not Crushed

What makes for a resilient church over a decade of challenges?

Church Landscape Review: Pressed But Not Crushed

Survival, Resilience & Church Plants of Boston Area New Churches, 2014-2024

Churches share similarities with families, schools, and businesses. Pastors take on roles that often mirror those of parents, teachers, and managers. But at the end of the day, the Church is an entirely different entity. It is a creation of God, entrusted with a ministry of life empowered by his Spirit. That’s why—even amid pressure, hardship, or loss—resilience is possible.

“We are hard pressed on every side, but not crushed,” Paul writes in 2 Corinthians 4:8-9. “Perplexed, but not in despair; persecuted, but not abandoned; struck down, but not destroyed.”

And as jars of clay holding the treasure of the gospel, we demonstrate that this “all-surpassing power is from God and not from us” (2 Corinthians 4:7).

A large group of newer church communities in Boston is evidence of what happens when churches ground themselves in this spiritual reality.

The churches that survived those ten years demonstrated several key dynamics:

Their pastors had clear personal callings and support from mentors and peer groups.
They overcame challenges by following the concrete solutions that arose when they sought the Holy Spirit’s guidance.
They started with various outside sources of funding and ensured their pastors didn’t need to work a full-time job outside the church.
They didn’t wait until they thought they were big enough to plant another church. They made an early and ongoing commitment to multiplication.

These are just a few findings of the Applied Research team at the Emmanuel Gospel Center in Pressed But Not Crushed: Survival, Resilience & Church Plants of Boston Area New Churches, 2014-2024.

This report is part of the 2025 Church Landscape Review project, which revisits the churches the team had originally interviewed as church plants in a 2014 research study. That project involved in-depth interviews with a diverse group of new churches from different denominations, ethnic groups, and networks.

Ten years later, EGC revisited the 2014 snapshot and re-interviewed almost two dozen of the original churches to explore how the Boston-area church landscape has evolved over the past decade.

Like other reports in the project, Pressed But Not Crushed includes data, commentary, reflection questions, as well as next steps for ministry leaders.

Visit the Church Landscape Review project page for more information about the methods, participants, and terminology used in the study. There you will also find a series of reports we’re releasing periodically throughout 2025:

Resources

What makes for a resilient church over a decade of challenges?

Over time, you would think churches in the city would be less apt to wear their faith on their sleeves. But a look at a large group of newer church communities in Boston over the last ten years challenges such conventional wisdom.

Churches in Boston are answering the divine knock at the door. And the results are encouraging.

Boston is often described as secular, but these stories from churches in the area will stir your faith and expand your vision for what God is doing in the city.

In the last 10 years, pastors have faced unprecedented challenges in shepherding their congregations. How did pastors in Boston hold up under the pressure?

Churches have experienced plenty of change and faced much upheaval over the last 10 years. If you could take a snapshot of your church before and after that period, what would it look like? Would you see any big structural changes? How would the leadership of your church have changed? What about the congregation?

How has the church landscape in Boston changed over the last ten years? EGC’s Applied Research team analyzes the data from before-and-after snapshots of a group of newer churches between 2014 and 2024.

Emmanuel Gospel Center 7/9/25 Emmanuel Gospel Center 7/9/25

Church Landscape Review: Evolving Vision

Evolving Vision

Shifts in Mission Values & Focus in Boston New Churches 2014-2024

In a city like Boston, you would think that, over time, churches would be less apt to wear their faith on their sleeves. They would most likely go easy on the religious language. Perhaps focus less on traditional ministries and more on culturally appropriate issues. Wouldn’t they need to do that to survive?

A look at a large group of newer church communities in Boston over the last ten years challenges such conventional wisdom.

We would expect any church in the city over the last decade to have seen significant change, and these churches are no different. They experienced shifts in their values, demographic focus, and ministries:

Over time, their vision, mission, and values statements became deeper and clearer. By 2024, every church in our study explicitly named Jesus in their statements.
Churches went from targeting specific demographic groups to focusing on their existing relational networks.
They put less emphasis on welcome ministries and expanded children and youth ministries, counseling, and generational groups.

These are just a few findings of the Applied Research team at the Emmanuel Gospel Center in Evolving Vision: Shifts in Mission Values & Focus in Boston New Churches 2014-2024.

It’s part of the 2025 Church Landscape Review project, which revisits the churches the team had originally interviewed as church plants in a 2014 research study. That project involved in-depth interviews with a diverse group of new churches from different denominations, ethnic groups, and networks.

Ten years later, EGC revisited the 2014 snapshot and re-interviewed almost two dozen of the original churches to explore how the Boston-area church landscape has evolved over the past decade.

Like other reports in the project, Evolving Vision includes data, commentary, reflection questions, as well as next steps for ministry leaders.

Resources

What makes for a resilient church over a decade of challenges?

Churches in Boston are answering the divine knock at the door. And the results are encouraging.

Boston is often described as secular, but these stories from churches in the area will stir your faith and expand your vision for what God is doing in the city.

In the last 10 years, pastors have faced unprecedented challenges in shepherding their congregations. How did pastors in Boston hold up under the pressure?

Emmanuel Gospel Center 7/7/25 Emmanuel Gospel Center 7/7/25

Church Landscape Review: Open Doors in Boston

Churches in Boston are answering the divine knock at the door. And the results are encouraging.

Open Doors in Boston

Outreach, Welcome & New Commitments to Christ in Boston Area New Churches 2019-2023

“Listen! I am standing at the door, knocking; if you hear my voice and open the door, I will come in to you and eat with you, and you with me” (Rev. 3:20).

Churches in Boston are answering the divine knock at the door. And the results are encouraging.

They’re opening doors of opportunity: responding to the needs around them with courage and care. As they build trust and partner with local organizations, they’re seeing transformation.

They’re opening doors of belonging: welcoming newcomers to become regular attendees, many of whom have no background in Christianity.

They’re opening doors of faith: seeing over 1,000 people come to Christ in a five-year period, averaging a new believer every 1.5 days.

The Applied Research team at the Emmanuel Gospel Center explored these trends in Open Doors in Boston: Outreach, Welcome & New Commitments to Christ in Boston Area New Churches 2019-2023. It’s part of the 2025 Church Landscape Review project, which revisits the churches the team had originally interviewed as church plants in 2014, with the goal of exploring how the Boston-area church landscape has evolved over the past decade.

Like other reports in the project, Open Doors includes data, commentary, reflection questions as well as next steps for ministry leaders.

This particular report is also accompanied by a collection of stories behind the data, “Open Doors in Boston: Stories and Reflections.” These encouraging stories are varied and beautiful—stories of healing, community partnerships, long journeys to faith, and moments of encounter with God. They reflect what is possible when churches open their doors and hearts to their neighborhoods, step into the needs around them, and follow God’s lead with creativity and courage.

Resources

What makes for a resilient church over a decade of challenges?

Churches in Boston are answering the divine knock at the door. And the results are encouraging.

Boston is often described as secular, but these stories from churches in the area will stir your faith and expand your vision for what God is doing in the city.

In the last 10 years, pastors have faced unprecedented challenges in shepherding their congregations. How did pastors in Boston hold up under the pressure?

Emmanuel Gospel Center 5/16/25 Emmanuel Gospel Center 5/16/25

Church Landscape Review: Open Doors in Boston

Boston is often described as secular, but these stories from churches in the area will stir your faith and expand your vision for what God is doing in the city.

Open Doors in Boston

Local stories to stir your faith, reflections to expand your vision.

Boston is often described as a secular city on par with the metropolises of Europe that have seen a significant decline in Christianity. But research shows a different narrative emerging.

The Applied Research team at the Emmanuel Gospel Center conducted the Church Landscape Review project in 2024. In this survey of new and growing churches across Greater Boston, we found that God is at work in our city and region.

As part of the research, the team asked the pastors of these churches for stories of God working through the church to bring people to faith and serve people in the broader community.

The stories that emerged are varied and beautiful—stories of healing, community partnerships, long journeys to faith, and moments of encounter with God. They reflect what is possible when churches open their doors and hearts to their neighborhoods, step into the needs around them, and follow God’s lead with creativity and courage.

Each story includes a reflection question to help you engage more deeply. Whether you’re a church leader, an aspiring church planter, or simply someone curious about the spiritual landscape of this city, we hope these questions invite you to pray, reflect, and imagine what God might do in your context.

As you read, please note that names and identifying details of people, churches, and organizations have been changed or omitted to protect privacy.

Download Story Book

Resources

What makes for a resilient church over a decade of challenges?

Churches in Boston are answering the divine knock at the door. And the results are encouraging.

Boston is often described as secular, but these stories from churches in the area will stir your faith and expand your vision for what God is doing in the city.

In the last 10 years, pastors have faced unprecedented challenges in shepherding their congregations. How did pastors in Boston hold up under the pressure?

Emmanuel Gospel Center 3/26/25 Emmanuel Gospel Center 3/26/25

Church Landscape Review: Pastoring Under Pressure

In the last 10 years, pastors have faced unprecedented challenges in shepherding their congregations. How did pastors in Boston hold up under the pressure?

Pastoring Under Pressure

Challenges & Supports for Pastors of New Churches in the Boston Area Through a Complex Decade (2014-2024)

In the last 10 years, pastors have faced unprecedented challenges in shepherding their congregations. Even veteran pastors admitted they had never seen anything like this during their ministerial careers.

During the pandemic, almost half of pastors nationwide considered leaving full-time ministry.

What about pastors in Boston? How many hours a week do they work? What kind of support do they prefer? What type of training do they use to develop other church leaders? What questions would they like to ask other pastors?

The Emmanuel Gospel Center’s Applied Research team explored difficult questions like these in a study of pastors of new churches in the Boston area from 2014 to 2024. In “Pastoring Under Pressure,” the team analyzed key trends and critical challenges facing these leaders. The report also includes recommendations as well as reflection questions for pastors and church leaders.

This report is part of the larger 2025 Church Landscape Review, a study of newer church communities in the Boston area over 10 years. We will publish the Applied Research team’s findings in a series of reports to be released periodically throughout 2025:

Church Landscape Review Project

Resources

One leader’s call to prevent sexual exploitation in the church

Sexual exploitation in the church thrives in a culture of silence and secrecy. Gregg Detwiler argues that the absence of safe, transparent spaces where leaders can process their struggles is a systemic issue. Sharing from his own life and ministry, Gregg encourages Christian leaders to walk with others in accountability and transparency as they seek to minister to others.

Tips for Developing Church Leadership

Starting a new church, but short on leaders? A few years ago, we interviewed a number of Greater Boston’s church planters to ask how they were developing new leaders for their churches. Here are some of their tips for raising new leaders.

Christian Leadership Web Sites [Resource List]

Web Resources For Christian Leadership

Biblical Theology Of Leadership [Resource List]

Resources On Biblical Theology Of Leadership

Inner Life Of A Leader [Resource List]

Resources On The Inner Life Of A Leader

Intercultural Leadership [Resource List]

Resources On Intercultural Leadership

Modern Classics on Leadership [Resource List]

Resources On Leadership - Modern Classics

Women In Christian Leadership [Resource List]

Resources On Pastoral Leadership

Pastoral Leadership [Resource List]

Resources On Pastoral Leadership

Leadership Strategies & Models [Resource List]

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The Unsolved Leadership Challenge

Our research on new church development in Greater Boston yielded general information with a special focus on women in leadership. The hope is that this study can become a source of “mainstreaming” gender parity discourse within the church, as part of an overall discussion of the practical needs of church planters in the areas of leadership and ministry development.

Emmanuel Gospel Center 3/10/25 Emmanuel Gospel Center 3/10/25

If the Black Church were to disappear, who would miss it?

There are about 250 Black churches in Boston facing multiple challenges. To leverage their collective strength, almost a dozen of them came together to build relationships for the betterment of the community.

(Clockwise from top left: wwing, wwing, timeless, MCCAIG, all via Getty Images)

“If the Black Church were to disappear, who would miss it?”

That’s the overarching question Jaronzie Harris and her team led with as they began a data-driven study of the Black Church in Boston.

The team tried to answer a series of questions: “Who’s in the Church? What are they doing? How’s the Church doing? How many churches do we have? What are these Black Christians even thinking about or talking about? Do they even talk to each other?”

Jaronzie Harris, Director, Black Church Vitality Project. Emmanuel Gospel Center

In partnership with several organizations, Harris’s efforts helped establish the Black Church Vitality Project, an initiative close to her heart as a daughter of the Black Church.

“My love for the Church really comes out of my love for Black people, Black communities,” Harris told the Emmanuel Gospel Center’s Curious City podcast. “Always having that sense of service and a faith centered in hope and love.”

The team’s research found there are about 250 Black churches in Boston facing multiple challenges. To leverage their collective strength, Harris sought to bring some of these churches together to build relationships for the betterment of the community. She gathered almost a dozen Black churches in close proximity to each other in four predominantly Black neighborhoods of Boston.

Together, they looked at the changes taking place in their local communities, how their mission and values might need to change in light of what they’re learning about their neighborhoods, and how their churches can take action.

These topics made for vulnerable conversations. And while not everyone is on the same page, Harris said the desire is there among the churches to work together.

These meetings and discussions between these churches make for a dynamic, relational process that’s transformative in and of itself. It holds up a mirror for the churches to assess themselves in the immediate context of their neighborhoods and the broader culture they live in.

“My love for the Church comes from my love for Black people,” Harris said, “so if the Church is not serving the people, then what are we doing?”

For this and more from Harris’s conversation with Caleb McCoy, listen to the Curious City podcast.

Apple Podcasts | Podbean | Spotify | YouTube

Boston Black Church Vitality Project

Curious City

Resources

More Than a Fundraiser

EGC’s fundraisers have expanded over the years to embrace the diverse gifts of our staff members and ministry partners, adopting more creative content expressions.

Mutual learning is helping Black churches thrive

Two church leaders participating in the BBCVP’s Thriving Initiative shared their strategies for serving the community and keeping their congregants safe from COVID during worship services.

Nurturing Black Church vitality

The Boston Black Church Vitality Project (BBCVP) at the Emmanuel Gospel Center is kicking off its Thriving Initiative with a cohort of ethnically and denominationally diverse Black churches that are located in four predominantly Black neighborhoods in the city.

Leading By Letting Go: Skills in Courageous Leadership for Healthy Collaborations

What happens when diverse Christian women leaders from across Boston gather for consultation to ignite movements for change? God uses that space to do unexpected things—and challenges us to further growth together as the Body of Christ. Shared learnings from then 2017 Woven Consultation Day.

Avoiding Babel: 5 Tips for Spiritually Healthy Collaborations

Does Christian collaboration move us towards God’s ideal of healthy urban life? It depends. For Christian leaders, collaboration minus discernment can add up to idolatry. Check out these 5 disciplines for Christian leaders to help the Church avoid Babel in Boston.

Emotional Intelligence for Ministry Collaboration

Considering a ministry collaboration? Get ready for it to be slower, messier, and more fruitful than you imagine. Here are 6 social skills we all need for healthy ministry collaborations.

Examples of Collaboration in the Greater Boston Church Community

There has been a rich history of ministry collaboration in the Greater Boston Christian community. This document gives a brief description of some of the significant ministry initiatives in urban Boston that involved a broad coalition of ministry partners, and/or involved significant partnering across sectors. Much more could be said about each of the ones listed, and many more initiatives, projects and ministries could be added to this list.

Emmanuel Gospel Center 2/19/25 Emmanuel Gospel Center 2/19/25

Church Landscape Review: Changing Faces of Faith

Changing Faces of Faith

Shifts in Churches, Pastors, and Churchgoers in Boston-Area New Churches, 2014-2024

That’s just what the Applied Research team at the Emmanuel Gospel Center did with a diverse group of newer churches in Boston between 2014 and 2024.

They looked at things like attendance, leadership, and demographics. Their findings in the “Changing Faces of Faith” report show time left little untouched. The churches in the study had to be creative when it came to finding meeting space, facing a pandemic, and navigating leadership changes.

Church Landscape Review Project

Resources

Your church has just received a request to use its space for a community event. How do you decide whether to approve it? What factors should you consider? Who in your congregation makes that call?

Feet Fitted with the Gospel of Peace

When one part of the body suffers, every part suffers with it. What does it look like for us to show up with hope alongside immigrants in a time of fear and disconnection?

Calzados con el Evangelio de la Paz

Cuando una parte del cuerpo sufre, todas las demás sufren con ella. ¿Cómo se ve el hecho de presentarnos con esperanza junto a las personas migrantes en un tiempo de miedo y desconexión?

Tax-Exemption Issues For Mass. Churches and Religious Organizations

As churches explore ways to more fully use their buildings, they also need to consider any potential issues that might affect their tax-exempt status.

What makes for a resilient church over a decade of challenges?

Churches in Boston are answering the divine knock at the door. And the results are encouraging.

Boston is often described as secular, but these stories from churches in the area will stir your faith and expand your vision for what God is doing in the city.

How human migration exposes what’s in our hearts

Who’s shaping your immigration politics?

In the last 10 years, pastors have faced unprecedented challenges in shepherding their congregations. How did pastors in Boston hold up under the pressure?

If the Black Church were to disappear, who would miss it?

Exploring Church Spaces

Christians look on in dismay as empty churches are converted into luxury condos, but congregations are beginning to reassess how their sacred spaces are used outside Sunday worship.

Challenges and Solutions for Maximizing Church Spaces in Boston

While many churches in Boston share their space with congregations, nonprofits, or community members, several barriers prevent them from fully utilizing their properties for mission.

Four Ways Churches Use Their Space for Economic Empowerment

Churches faced with aging buildings, lack of parking, and aging, dispersed membership may find selling their buildings necessary—or even advantageous. What happens to the buildings when they do?

Why isn’t my church talking about race?

Many white Christians in evangelical churches feel isolated in their desire to discuss race, often encountering silence or pushback from their communities. Engaging with racial issues from a biblical perspective is essential for fostering unity and effectively following Jesus in a diverse world.

Christian Organizations Addressing Social Issues

This guide showcases organizations addressing some of the most pressing social issues. Their endeavors range from supporting vulnerable children and families to promoting environmental stewardship.

Remembering the Past to Build Shalom in the Present

The Church in Boston needs to wrestle with our region’s involvement in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. This resource list provides a wealth of material to grow in awareness of how the legacy of slavery continues to impact our communities.

More Than a Fundraiser

EGC’s fundraisers have expanded over the years to embrace the diverse gifts of our staff members and ministry partners, adopting more creative content expressions.

EGC’s (Inaugural) Shalom-Seekers Book List

Which books help you pursue the shalom of the city and the glory of God? Here are some titles that have contributed meaningfully to our shalom-seeking in Boston.

The Value and Relevance of Community Research

In-depth research helps us go below the surface.

The Nature of Community Research

What is community research?

Ministry With Eyes Wide Open: The Varied Lenses of Community Research

From community-based participatory research to social-network analysis, there are various ways Christians can learn more about the communities they serve.

Community Research and the Church

A Christian church or ministry functions in the context of a particular community. To effectively minister in that community, it’s important to understand it.

Illustrated Guide for Researching Your Community

From population trends to social needs, this illustrated guide lists the factors to consider when learning more about a local neighborhood or community.

Guide for Researching Your Community

From population trends to social needs, this guide lists the factors to consider when learning more about a local neighborhood or community.

Finding a flower in the crack

A discussion group for people involved in the child welfare system in Boston has led to collaboration as members learn from each other and better understand the system which affects their lives and directs their work.

Emmanuel Gospel Center 2/19/25 Emmanuel Gospel Center 2/19/25

Church Landscape Review: Executive Summary Report

Executive Summary Report

A Ten-Year Review of Boston-Area New Churches

In 2014, the Emmanuel Gospel Center (EGC) conducted a research study of over 40 church plants in the Boston area. It involved in-depth interviews with a diverse group of new churches from different denominations, ethnic groups, and networks. While the study focused on women in church leadership, it yielded a treasure trove of information on the church planters and their congregations.

Ten years later, EGC’s Applied Research team revisited the snapshot the 2014 data had produced and re-interviewed almost two dozen of the original churches. The team wanted to examine any shifts in the church landscape over a challenging and tumultuous period.

The research team gathered their findings in a series of reports we will release periodically throughout 2025. The Executive Summary Report provides a broad introduction to the study along with major data trends. The other reports revolve around five different themes:

Church Landscape Review Project

Resources

Your church has just received a request to use its space for a community event. How do you decide whether to approve it? What factors should you consider? Who in your congregation makes that call?

Feet Fitted with the Gospel of Peace

When one part of the body suffers, every part suffers with it. What does it look like for us to show up with hope alongside immigrants in a time of fear and disconnection?

Calzados con el Evangelio de la Paz

Cuando una parte del cuerpo sufre, todas las demás sufren con ella. ¿Cómo se ve el hecho de presentarnos con esperanza junto a las personas migrantes en un tiempo de miedo y desconexión?

Tax-Exemption Issues For Mass. Churches and Religious Organizations

As churches explore ways to more fully use their buildings, they also need to consider any potential issues that might affect their tax-exempt status.

What makes for a resilient church over a decade of challenges?

Churches in Boston are answering the divine knock at the door. And the results are encouraging.

Boston is often described as secular, but these stories from churches in the area will stir your faith and expand your vision for what God is doing in the city.

How human migration exposes what’s in our hearts

Who’s shaping your immigration politics?

In the last 10 years, pastors have faced unprecedented challenges in shepherding their congregations. How did pastors in Boston hold up under the pressure?

If the Black Church were to disappear, who would miss it?

Exploring Church Spaces

Christians look on in dismay as empty churches are converted into luxury condos, but congregations are beginning to reassess how their sacred spaces are used outside Sunday worship.

Challenges and Solutions for Maximizing Church Spaces in Boston

While many churches in Boston share their space with congregations, nonprofits, or community members, several barriers prevent them from fully utilizing their properties for mission.

Four Ways Churches Use Their Space for Economic Empowerment

Churches faced with aging buildings, lack of parking, and aging, dispersed membership may find selling their buildings necessary—or even advantageous. What happens to the buildings when they do?

Why isn’t my church talking about race?

Christian Organizations Addressing Social Issues

This guide showcases organizations addressing some of the most pressing social issues. Their endeavors range from supporting vulnerable children and families to promoting environmental stewardship.

Remembering the Past to Build Shalom in the Present

More Than a Fundraiser

EGC’s fundraisers have expanded over the years to embrace the diverse gifts of our staff members and ministry partners, adopting more creative content expressions.

EGC’s (Inaugural) Shalom-Seekers Book List

Which books help you pursue the shalom of the city and the glory of God? Here are some titles that have contributed meaningfully to our shalom-seeking in Boston.

The Value and Relevance of Community Research

In-depth research helps us go below the surface.

The Nature of Community Research

What is community research?

Ministry With Eyes Wide Open: The Varied Lenses of Community Research

From community-based participatory research to social-network analysis, there are various ways Christians can learn more about the communities they serve.

Community Research and the Church

A Christian church or ministry functions in the context of a particular community. To effectively minister in that community, it’s important to understand it.

Illustrated Guide for Researching Your Community

From population trends to social needs, this illustrated guide lists the factors to consider when learning more about a local neighborhood or community.

Guide for Researching Your Community

From population trends to social needs, this guide lists the factors to consider when learning more about a local neighborhood or community.

Finding a flower in the crack

Emmanuel Gospel Center 12/16/24 Emmanuel Gospel Center 12/16/24

Exploring Church Spaces

Christians look on in dismay as empty churches are converted into luxury condos, but congregations are beginning to reassess how their sacred spaces are used outside Sunday worship.

Christians look on in dismay as empty churches are converted into luxury condos. Steeples used to dot city skylines and dominate small towns. But for decades now, it’s felt like these sacred spaces are being overshadowed. Disemboweled.

However, a sea change is underway as congregations reassess the use of their buildings outside Sunday worship. They are beginning to ask themselves some uncomfortable questions: How much of our building lies empty during the week? How much dead space is the church creating on a city block? How else could this space be used? Who else could benefit from this space?

Communities and cities are buckling under the strain of challenges such as affordable housing, economic and education inequality, mental health and substance abuse, environmental resilience. There is a unique opportunity for churches to leverage their real estate assets for missional witness.

Saranya Sathananthan, a researcher in residence at EGC, has been engaging with local congregations at the forefront of church-space innovation. She delves into the challenges they face and uncovers powerful missional opportunities in reimagining church spaces.

Explore the resources she and her team have created and discover insights on church-space innovation.

Resources

Pastor Kurt Lange's Recommended Reading List

Your church has just received a request to use its space for a community event. How do you decide whether to approve it? What factors should you consider? Who in your congregation makes that call?

Feet Fitted with the Gospel of Peace

When one part of the body suffers, every part suffers with it. What does it look like for us to show up with hope alongside immigrants in a time of fear and disconnection?

Calzados con el Evangelio de la Paz

Cuando una parte del cuerpo sufre, todas las demás sufren con ella. ¿Cómo se ve el hecho de presentarnos con esperanza junto a las personas migrantes en un tiempo de miedo y desconexión?

Saranya Sathananthan 10/29/24 Saranya Sathananthan 10/29/24

Challenges and Solutions for Maximizing Church Spaces in Boston

While many churches in Boston share their space with congregations, nonprofits, or community members, several barriers prevent them from fully utilizing their properties for mission.

Challenges and Solutions for Maximizing Church Spaces in Boston

by Saranya Sathananthan, Researcher in Residence

One of the main observations from this study is that most of the churches that participated were well-aligned when it came to utilizing their property for mission. It should come as no surprise, given that numerous churches in the city rent to other congregations, provide office space for nonprofits, or allow community members to host events for nominal fees.

While this represents a great strength in how churches utilize their properties in Boston, it still represents only a fraction of what could be happening. (See this list of innovative uses of church spaces.) Despite this potential, several barriers prevent churches from fully utilizing their properties for mission.

Vision and Mission

A key indicator in determining how open a congregation is to creatively using its property lies in the theology of its senior leaders regarding sacred space and stewardship. The research revealed that leaders with a broader understanding of stewardship often cast a vision for their congregation that embraced opening their buildings to the rest of the community for purposes beyond worship services. Some leaders saw the church building as a tool for ministry, expressing a desire for it to bless the surrounding community. Others shared their perspectives on the sacredness of a building itself. While some expressed that the architecture or history of their building drew people to the church, leaders who viewed the physical structure as "just a building"—with the sacredness residing in the people and activities where God's presence is invited—tended to foster a more flexible, community-focused use of their spaces.

However, some leaders experienced notable tension when they tried to shift their congregation's mindset about property use. Some expressed that their church's subculture leaned toward risk aversion, with worst-case scenarios prompting people to want to close their doors and retreat into enclaves rather than serving as launching pads for their communities. In other contexts, leaders noted that specific subgroups, having worked hard to secure their space, were highly protective of their resources. They feared that opening their doors could lead to misuse or loss, which made them hesitant to fully embrace the potential of their church property to serve a wider group of people.

Aging Infrastructure Against Limited Funds

One of the most pressing issues facing many Boston churches is the undeniable reality of aging infrastructure. Over 50 churches in the city are registered as historic landmarks, and many church buildings, regardless of these official designations, are old and need significant repairs. Unfortunately, the funds required to address these issues are often limited, particularly for smaller, dwindling congregations that struggle even with the regular upkeep of their expansive historic buildings.

This issue is not unique to Boston; it mirrors trends in other major cities and Western nations. In the United Kingdom, over 2,000 church buildings have closed during the past decade.¹ In New York City, more than three dozen houses of worship and similar buildings were razed or redeveloped in Manhattan alone between 2013 and 2018,² often replaced by high-end condos. Each year, congregation closures outnumber new church starts in the U.S. by 50%, according to Lifeway Research. In 2019, prior to the pandemic, although about 3,000 new Protestant churches were planted, 4,500 Protestant congregations closed. In Boston, over recent decades, about 45 buildings owned by churches have been lost to the Christian community, primarily through sales to developers and private commercial entities.

Another aspect of this challenge is that many church buildings in Boston are not fully accessible, up to code, tech-equipped, or readily transformed for different needs. Moreover, historic designations restrict how churches can renovate many of these buildings. These limitations hinder churches' ability to serve their communities effectively, particularly in welcoming people with disabilities or hosting events that require modern amenities. A combination of even a few of these conditions can significantly limit how the space can be used, preventing churches from fully utilizing their buildings for diverse activities or adapting them to meet modern needs. Notably, many churches participating in this project had fires that rendered certain spaces of their churches unusable for years before repairs could be made.

“Do churches spend their limited resources on maintaining or updating their buildings, or should they abandon ownership and focus their funds directly on ministry activities?”

The cost of bringing these buildings up to current standards can be prohibitive, particularly for congregations already struggling financially. The cumulative effect of deferred maintenance leading to more significant issues has resulted in many churches closing, with buildings left abandoned,³ sold, or even demolished.

This situation presents a dilemma for many pastors: Do churches spend their limited resources on maintaining or updating their buildings, or should they abandon ownership and focus their funds directly on ministry activities?

"We sold our former building for a very good price, but now the question is, shall we use it on brick and mortar?” Pastor Daniel Chan of Boston Chinese Evangelical Church in Boston’s Chinatown said. “Our deacons are raising the question of whether we should spend the money on ourselves (on a new multifunctional sanctuary) or spend the money directly on the community. So we are still struggling and debating."⁴

Limited Leadership Capacity and Training

Limited leadership capacity in many congregations further complicates their decision-making regarding church infrastructure. Pastors and church leaders are often stretched thin, balancing their congregations’ spiritual needs with the practical demands of maintaining their facilities. Many seminaries do not provide pastors with practical education on facilities maintenance or the business acumen needed to run a church, leaving leaders to learn on the job.

“The main challenge is inexperience, just not knowing what we're doing for a lot of these things,” Pastor Larry Kim of Central Square Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts, said. “There's always a new surprise here in this building, and it's trying to figure out how to problem-solve those things. It’s like I'm learning things for the first time.”⁵

Although some denominations have long provided practical support for church operations, facilities management, and loans for repairs and upgrades, we are now finally seeing a broader range of resources and services that better equip leaders with the knowledge they need becoming available.

“There's no lesson like on-the-job training,” Pastor Kurt Lange at East Coast International Church in downtown Lynn, Massachusetts, said. “But there are now books written by Christian authors and church leaders in this space that I do think a lot of pastors need to read.”⁶

Delegating facilities management and related responsibilities to non-pastoral roles can benefit churches with the capacity to hire staff or manage volunteers. However, this may not be feasible for smaller churches with limited internal resources. Whether the church hires staff or enlists volunteers to assist with facilities management, make repairs, write grants, or take on other specialized roles, investing in the professional development of these staff members and volunteers is essential. If church leaders don’t learn what is needed, others cannot be expected to know this information, even if they bring relevant skill sets to their roles. Each church situation is unique, and the number of intersecting decisions to be made at any given time makes it challenging even for the most trained or experienced professionals. Churches that understand the value of investing in their leaders are more likely to succeed, and recognizing those who manage and maintain the facilities as essential to the church will contribute to its overall success.

“If we want to help our staff members to be successful, we need to provide training for them,” Pastor Chan of Boston Chinese Evangelical said. “Our facility manager needs training on property management, our technician needs training to develop skills to make repairs, and we realized that we may need to put more money into training even our pastor, who is coordinating all this. He didn't study this in seminary. So we realized we need a budget for training our people.”

Even if a church lacks the funds to hire staff, outsource services, or send people for professional training, sharing knowledge within the congregation can be a valuable way for everyone to contribute to the overall vision. Tapping into the expertise of individuals who can teach or offer specific skills and “doing it together” can foster shared experiences that build missional solidarity.

“Find out who your people are and what they know. Include everybody in your parish, because there’s all kinds of good ideas out there.”

— Jim Woodworth, Cathedral Church of St. Paul

“Find out who your people are and what they know. Include everybody in your parish, because there's all kinds of good ideas out there,” Jim Woodworth, facilities manager at the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in downtown Boston, said. “But sometimes you’ve got to draw them out of people.”⁷

“Some of my people aren't in the workforce,” Pastor Lange of East Coast International said. “So we’re teaching people how to paint, hold a drill, etc., for people who have never had a chance to do it.”

He shared that the sending church they came out of would have hired a company to make any necessary repairs or do construction, but that they were not at a place where they could afford it when they were a church plant. Though their circumstances have changed since then, he still emphasized the need to think through whether to hire an outside company.

“Sometimes just because it may be easier for us to pull it off, or faster, or better, we have learned that there are some real interesting discipleship opportunities in working with people, like doing manual labor together.” Pastor Lange said. “So we kind of enjoy it—working with people in that capacity.”

An observation from the research revealed that when an entire congregation is committed to the vision for the church building, there’s more significant motivation for everyone to contribute. It is the task of church leadership to communicate that vision effectively, from the leadership level to every person in the congregation and beyond or cultivate that vision together through a series of discussions that brings together various stakeholders. This process is vital, whether the church has abundant or minimal resources for the upkeep of facilities.

Take Congregación León de Judá in the South End neighborhood of Boston, for example. Under the direction and vision of Pastor Roberto Miranda, the congregation purchased a building in the South End in 1994 and undertook a decade-long renovation, with members volunteering their time and skills and resourcing supplies to build the church.

Javier Encina, the facilities manager at León de Judá, described church teams tearing flooring from homes and putting it back together in that building, almost completely fitted with donated materials.

“It took us around 10 years, between volunteers and salvaging materials and reusing them, to build this church,” Mr. Encina said. “We built this building with the sweat of the people. All the work and manual labor on the church was done by the people of this church.”

No wonder this hallmark congregation takes deep pride in their building and invests in its upkeep, ensuring it remains a welcoming place for their members and the broader Boston community.

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Hallway with entrances to rooms and offices.png

Figs. 1-4 Members of Congregación León de Judá work together on reconstructing the Harrison building, the first building they purchased in the South End. Figs. 5-6 Hallway and entrance to the Harrison building. Photos courtesy of Congregación León de Judá.

The Difficulties of Decision-Making and Management

Effective decision-making regarding the use and maintenance of church properties is often complex and challenging. Many churches have governance structures that can slow decision-making, leading to frustration and burnout among those responsible for managing the property. Establishing a dedicated team to handle property management can alleviate the burden on pastoral staff, but this requires careful planning and clear communication.

Deciding to expand the use of church space introduces new challenges. Questions arise, such as who will open the space, manage access, troubleshoot issues, ensure security, handle cleanup, and deal with inevitable wear and tear. Churches may need to consider growing their team and delegating additional leadership responsibilities.

Moreover, churches often face bureaucratic obstacles from the city or state when adapting their spaces for new uses, particularly regarding regulations for activities involving minors or other vulnerable populations and the need to obtain special permits. When a church transitions to additional usages, even adding a single one could elicit numerous issues. These challenges can be daunting and may discourage churches from moving forward if not carefully considered. Every church I interviewed expressed these challenges when opening their space for additional use beyond Sunday services.

Helpful Mindsets and Postures

When asked how they navigate these challenges, several leaders shared helpful mindsets they adopt.

"I expect things to go wrong. I expect to have to switch gears constantly. We prioritize, and then we re-prioritize. But that's the job."

— Jim Woodworth, facilities manager at the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in downtown Boston, on the need for flexibility

“Be nimble and pivot.”

— Laura Mitchell, Director of Children and Youth, from Central Square Church in Cambridge, MA, reflecting on the challenges with their building’s heating. They had to rearrange everything and move from the sanctuary to the fellowship hall for a few months.⁸

“Lead with patience. We have to be mediators, understanding everyone’s point of view."

— Yulieth Ramos, the administrative assistant at Congregación León de Judá in the South End neighborhood of Boston, describing how she manages the frustrations of staff or members when a group leaves a mess after an event⁹

“You’ve got to be willing to be innovative and entrepreneurial. What has helped our church is avoiding the mindset of 'we've always done it this way' or 'we've never done it that way.' … Maybe God is trying to move flexibly with us, but we're staying rigid, not allowing God to do what He’s trying to do. That flexibility is tied to good stewardship—managing things properly, responsibly, ethically, and justly."

— Pastor Darrell R. Hamilton II of First Baptist Church of Jamaica Plain in Boston, on the value of innovation and the need for flexibility¹⁰

For churches who share their space with other groups, it’s also crucial to be aware of cultural differences and power imbalances between host and guest and how they can impact relationships. EGC conducted research on congregations sharing space in 2012 and section three and four of this blog post on Shared Worship Space ¹¹ has additional factors to consider when sharing space where there are major cultural and economic differences between the hosting congregation and groups that share their space.

People, Processes, and Communication

Many pastors emphasized the importance of the right processes and people in overcoming challenges.

"I don’t know what I’m doing half the time," Pastor Christina Tinglof of Forest Hills Covenant Church in Boston, admitted. "I would say to other pastors: make sure you’re not making decisions on your own. It’s important to involve others."¹²

Pastor Hamilton echoed this sentiment, stressing that "cultivating a good team is critical."

“Cultivating a good team is critical.”

— Pastor Darrell R. Hamilton II, First Baptist Church of Jamaica Plain

When things don’t go as planned, Pastor Lange of East Coast International shared their approach to handling issues with outside groups that use their space: “We make sure to maintain a benevolent attitude towards other churches that use our facilities, but that requires us to have quick conversations whenever something goes wrong.”

Establishing clear internal processes and communicating space usage guidelines to everyone involved takes time, often requires trial and error, and can be frustrating—just like any growing pains. Each church's processes and policies may need to adapt during different seasons of change and transition.

The most significant takeaway from leaders' experiences in successful property management is the importance of pacing. Churches don’t need to do everything at once. It’s often better to start with small, manageable changes, learning from those experiences before expanding further. This iterative, flexible approach allows churches to refine their processes and avoid being overwhelmed by the demands of managing an active, multifunctional space. Trying something new might sometimes feel like taking one step forward and five steps back, but having the resilience to address setbacks before moving forward is critical to long-term growth and sustainability.

“It cannot be one size fits all.... We have to work with the moment.”

— Pastor Marc Lefevre, Boston Missionary Baptist Church

One fascinating observation from my conversations with church leaders was the contradictory nature of the advice they offered. One person would recommend having a single administrative person manage all scheduling online, while another said they’re OK with multiple pastors managing the schedule without an online calendar. A few advocated strongly for outsourcing repair work, while another made the case for involving volunteers from the church. Some pastors advise being deeply involved in management details, while others recommend delegating those tasks. These different approaches taught me early on that there’s no single solution. Each church should take inventory of its strategies, weigh the pros and cons, and decide what works best, then reassess and adapt as circumstances change.

“It cannot be one size fits all,” Pastor Marc Lefevre of Boston Missionary Baptist Church in Roxbury, Massachusetts, said. “Based on who we are, we can do it this way. Yet when we become bigger, it would be impossible to do it the same way. When we were only 15, or when we were only 100, that was a different ballgame. But now that we are a growing church, you have to do things differently. We have to work with the moment.”¹³

Rachel Pfeiffer, “After 2,000 UK Church Buildings Close, New Church Plants Get Creative,” Christianity Today, May 25, 2022, https://www.christianitytoday.com/2022/05/uk-england-church-close-anglican-buildings-restore-new/.↩︎
C. J. Hughes, “For Churches, A Temptation to Sell,” New York Times, October 4, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/04/realestate/for-churches-a-temptation-to-sell.html.↩︎
Matthew Christopher, “Why Are There So Many Abandoned Churches: Changing Neighborhoods, Loss of Faith, Even Heating Bills Make Places of Worship Among the Most Common Types of Forgotten Places,” Atlas Obscura, February 29, 2024, https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/abandoned-churches.↩︎
Daniel Chan, interview by author, September 20, 2023.↩︎
Larry Kim, interview by author, October 11, 2023.↩︎
Kurt Lange, interview by author, November 3, 2023.↩︎
Jim Woodworth, interview by author, September 29, 2023.↩︎
Laura Mitchell, interviewed by author, October 11, 2023.↩︎
Yulieth Ramos, interviewed by author, August 30, 2023.↩︎
Darrell R. Hamilton II, interviewed by author, February 22, 2024.↩︎
Bianca Duemling, “Shared Worship Space - An Urban Challenge and a Kingdom Opportunity,” Emmanuel Research Review reprint Issue No. 74, January 2012, https://www.egc.org/blog-2/2012/1/16/shared-worship-space-an-urban-challenge-and-a-kingdom-opportunity.↩︎
Christina Tinglof, interviewed by author, November 2, 2023.↩︎
Marc Lefevre, interviewed by author, November 10, 2023.↩︎

Next: Opportunities

Resources

What makes for a resilient church over a decade of challenges?

Churches in Boston are answering the divine knock at the door. And the results are encouraging.

Boston is often described as secular, but these stories from churches in the area will stir your faith and expand your vision for what God is doing in the city.

In the last 10 years, pastors have faced unprecedented challenges in shepherding their congregations. How did pastors in Boston hold up under the pressure?

If the Black Church were to disappear, who would miss it?

Next: When Church Buildings Close

Christian Creatives and the Church

The arts are an important opportunity for spiritual formation. How can churches reach unbelievers through the arts while caring for the creatives in their pews at the same time?

Mutual learning is helping Black churches thrive

Two church leaders participating in the BBCVP’s Thriving Initiative shared their strategies for serving the community and keeping their congregants safe from COVID during worship services.

Do you know where you’re standing?

Why EGC’s new “Fact Friday” series explores the church’s history and legacy in Boston one short video at a time.

Investing in Haitian churches and communities

The Emmanuel Gospel Center is partnering with the Fellowship of Haitian Evangelical Pastors of New England on “Pwojè Rebati” to raise funds for restoration efforts in Southern Haiti.

Nurturing Black Church vitality

A Bigger Fire: 2018 New England City Forum

Shared vision of God’s call is building across New England. But we need to get out of our silos to see it. UniteBoston’s Kelly Steinhaus shares themes emerging from the 2018 New England City Forum.

Connecting Multi-Site Church Leaders [PhotoJournal]

On November 20, Vision New England brought together 38 current and aspiring multi-site leaders from across New England for a Multi-Site Forum at LifeSong Church in Sutton, MA. The full-day event provided a space for peers to build relationships with fellow multi-site leaders, exchange insights, and share successes and failures in their multi-site experience.

Staying Afloat in Multi-Site Ministry: 4 Key Commitments for Long-Term Health

Multi-site ministry is hard. But a few simple team practices can make the difference between a failed "experiment" and a thriving multi-site community.

Multi-Site Ministry In-Depth: Reading List

Recommended reading for multi-site leaders and those exploring multi-site as an option.

Ethiopian Churches in Greater Boston [map]

Find Ethiopian churches in the greater Boston area.

Beyond Church Walls: What Christian Leaders Can Learn from Movement Chaplains [Interview]

People who profess no faith affiliation, often called "nones," as in "none of the above", comprise nearly 23% percent of the U.S.'s adult population. How do we develop meaningful connections with a generation that may never enter a church building? We sat down with anti-racism activist and spiritual director Tracy Bindel to discuss this question.

High-Rise Gospel Presence: A Case for Neighborhood Chaplains

Neighborhood Chaplaincy is an innovative approach to ministering the love of Jesus in emerging communities. Steve Daman makes the case for how Boston would benefit from neighborhood chaplains.

From the Bible Belt to Boston: What God's Doing in New England

Are you ministering in a spiritual desert? In a recent study, Boston was ranked one of the most “Post-Christian” cities in the U.S. Kathryn Hamilton, an EGC communications intern from West Texas, weighs in about her experience with Boston’s spiritual climate and Christian vitality.

What's Next: My 5 Dreams For Church Planting in Boston

Rev. Ralph Kee, animator of the Greater Boston Church Planting Collaborative, has been giving a lot of thought to this idea: What may be the Church’s dreams for Boston for the next few decades? What should be the Church’s priorities? Where are the Church’s growth edges? In this article, Ralph offers his own five basic ideas, his five dreams about church planting for Boston’s future.

Tips for Developing Church Leadership

History of Revivalism in Boston

Journey with EGC’s Senior Researcher Rudy Mitchell through Boston’s key evangelistic revivals from the First Great Awakening in 1740–1741 through the Billy Graham campaign of 1950. History comes alive as we read how God moved in remarkable ways through gifted evangelists, and we gain a deeper appreciation for Boston’s vibrant Christian history.

Report from the 2017 New England City Forum

The New England City Forum brought together 103 Christian leaders from across New England to learn from each other, develop deeper relationships, and ultimately increase effective ministry in each of our cities.

Examples of Collaboration in the Greater Boston Church Community

The Chinese Church in Greater Boston

From just two Chinese churches in greater Boston 50 years ago, the number has grown to more than 25 congregations serving an expanding Chinese population. The growth of the Chinese church in and around the Boston area is something to celebrate. Its strength and integrity, and the quality of its network—unified for prayer, for youth and college ministry, and for international missions—stand as a model for other immigrant and indigenous church systems.

Greater Boston Chinese Church Listing

A listing of Chinese churches in Greater Boston, derived from many online sources and from the ongoing research of EGC. This serves as a resource page to a 2016 article on the current status of Chinese churches in this region. There is also a link to a corresponding map.

New England's Book of Acts

New England’s Book of Acts is a 2007 publication of the Emmanuel Gospel Center that captures the stories of how God has been growing his Church among many people groups and ethnic groups in New England.

Understanding Boston's Quiet Revival

What is the Quiet Revival? Fifty years ago, a church planting movement quietly took root in Boston. Since then, the number of churches within the city limits of Boston has nearly doubled. How did this happen? Is it really a revival? Why is it called "quiet?" EGC's senior writer, Steve Daman, gives us an overview of the Quiet Revival, suggests a definition, and points to areas for further study.

Saranya Sathananthan 10/28/24 Saranya Sathananthan 10/28/24

Opportunities for Leveraging Church Spaces

Opportunities for Leveraging Church Spaces

Finding a Sweet Spot: Missional Alignment, Financial Sustainability, and Community Vitality

by Saranya Sathananthan, Researcher in Residence

Mission-Driven Space Utilization

One key opportunity many churches are already embracing is evaluating and repurposing underused spaces for mission-aligned activities that benefit the community. They are partnering with local organizations, offering space for community events, or creating new programs that address the surrounding neighborhood’s needs. By aligning the use of space with their mission, churches can ensure that the use of their properties is furthering their spiritual and community goals.

Mathew Jarell from the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in downtown Boston spoke to the challenges and rewards of utilizing space for mission-aligned activities that serve different groups and purposes. The cathedral has only one large sanctuary that it adapts for use by different worshiping communities, musical events, and meetings.

“Space doesn’t just morph into whatever is needed; it requires a lot of preparation, hard work by our facilities team, and time and energy.”

— Matthew Jarell, Cathedral Church of St. Paul

“It takes a lot of planning,” Mr. Jarell said. “Space doesn’t just morph into whatever is needed; it requires a lot of preparation, hard work by our facilities team, and time and energy. But we’ve made things possible.”¹

Given their context in downtown Boston, where space is at a premium, he shared how their church space has supported people planning events there.

“When we get a request from a group planning an event on the Common, it feels good when we can help. It feels like we’re contributing to the life of the neighborhood and the city,” he said “It’s challenging, but it’s really rewarding and a great, great opportunity to be able to be a part of that.”

Innovative Use of Church Spaces

Another opportunity lies in reimagining what’s possible with church spaces. This page includes a list of possible spaces in church buildings or on church-owned property and an expanded list of potential uses in urban contexts. These ideas stretch the imagination, showcasing what’s possible—from indoor play areas for families with young children to urban farms on rooftops or lawns.

Some churches are already finding creative ways to use their buildings, from hosting coworking spaces to providing affordable venues for arts and cultural events. By adopting flexible and adaptive-use policies, churches can respond to the dynamic needs of their communities and explore new ways to generate income while staying true to their mission.

Fig. 1 The Loft at Stetson is a thrift store owned and operated by East Coast International Church which doubles as a location for on-the-spot counseling. Proceeds from the thrift store go toward a church ministry that supports women in recovery.

Pastor Kurt Lange from East Coast International Church in Lynn, Massachusetts, discussed using their spaces for multiple purposes. The lobby of their church also serves as a cafe, which is open Monday through Friday, with the church using it on nights and weekends. They doubled up their church offices with the nonprofit they started. The second floor of another building is a thrift store, which also serves as a counseling center.

“We’re very comfortable organizationally with the messiness of there being a worship space that is also a cafe that’s also a job training center that is also a space for community meetings.”

— Pastor Kurt Lange, East Coast International Church

“We're very comfortable organizationally with the messiness of there being a worship space that is also a cafe that's also a job training center that is also a space for community meetings, and we could just keep going,” Pastor Lange said. “So everyone knows that you don't really know what you're going to walk into on any given day unless you look at the calendar.”²

Fig. 2 Land of a Thousand Miles Coffee owned by East Coast International Church. The coffee shop is also the front entrance and lobby to their main church sanctuary.

Economic Impact on the City

"The average historic sacred place in an urban environment generates over $1.7 million annually in economic impact,” a 2016 research study conducted by Partners for Sacred Places found.³ This impact stems from churches offering jobs and training individuals; purchasing goods and services from local businesses; serving as incubators for nonprofits and small enterprises; and providing affordable spaces for life events, from weddings to funerals.

Given this substantial contribution, this moment calls for civic leaders in Boston to invest in revitalizing church spaces, expanding their role and service as community hubs. As more churches face financial pressures that force them to close or move and sell their properties, the city risks losing institutions that provide invaluable contributions to its residents.

The implications for the vitality of Boston’s neighborhoods are significant. The loss of a church can mean the loss of accessible, affordable space for various activities and the elimination of a vital gathering place where people build social capital and access a wide range of often free programs and services that enhance individual lives and the community.

“If our church closed down, would anybody notice?”

— Pastor Davie Hernandez, Restoration City Church

Several church leaders emphasized this vital role. Pastor Davie Hernandez of Restoration City Church in Roxbury, Massachusetts, asked his congregation: “If our church closed down, would anybody notice? We have to be a church that, if we miss one day, everybody's asking what happened. That's what we strive to be. We want to be so much a part of the community that we are part of the lives and livelihood of everyone in our community, part of a system or the ecology of their daily lives.”⁴

Boston’s churches, often situated at central locations within their neighborhoods—at major intersections or on main streets—offer a unique opportunity for community impact. These churches typically share the goals of local nonprofits, possess ample underutilized space, and provide various facilities, from kitchens to auditoriums.

Historically, they have also been deeply rooted in the spiritual, social, and cultural lives of their communities. Even a modest investment to help a church maintain its building assets or adapt to a new use that benefits the community could have a significant and far-reaching impact.

In light of the city's needs, there are unique opportunities for churches to partner with civic leaders, developers, nonprofits, and other stakeholders to further Boston's economic empowerment and vitality. Churches can leverage the underutilized spaces in their buildings for use as commercial kitchens, early childhood education such as daycare centers and schools, affordable housing, and spaces for the arts.

Community Hubs & Cultural Centers

Beyond the economic impact, churches also have the potential to serve as vibrant community hubs and cultural centers, addressing a wide range of local needs. This opportunity allows churches to expand their role beyond spiritual nourishment to include social, educational, and cultural engagement. Some churches have successfully transformed their properties into dynamic community centers offering various services, from food pantries and after-school programs to cultural events and neighborhood meetings.

In many immigrant communities, churches naturally serve as cultural centers where the congregation and the community are deeply intertwined. These churches often provide spaces where people can connect with their cultural heritage while meeting practical needs. For example, a church might offer language classes, legal aid, or job training programs specifically tailored to the needs of their community members. This dynamic was evident in many diasporic churches I interviewed in Boston.

Congregación León de Judá in the South End neighborhood of Boston houses Agencia ALPHA, a well-established immigration service in Boston. When I visited, the building was bustling with activity, with several staff members taking phone calls and interns working to support the team.

Fig. 3 English class in progress at Boston Missionary Baptist Church. Emmanuel Gospel Center.

Boston Chinese Evangelical Church in the Chinatown neighborhood of Boston and Boston Missionary Baptist Church in Roxbury, Massachusetts, offer English classes to their diasporic communities. These programs are open to the community, regardless of whether participants are congregation members.

Pastor Daniel Chan of Boston Chinese Evangelical Church said this aligns with their church's vision because the majority of their members are first-generation immigrants.

“When we first immigrated to America, we struggled with English, finding jobs, and other difficulties,” he said. “But after 30 years, we’ve been able to settle down. Most of us now have jobs, and some even own homes.”⁵

While many of their members have moved to more affordable areas like Qunicy, Malden, and other Chinese population centers, new immigrants are still coming through Chinatown.

“That’s why we decided to stay in Chinatown—to be a blessing to the community,” Pastor Chan said. “We have after-school programs, community English classes, and summer camps for middle school students. This church still pulls people back to the community to help. We want them to remember that they were once immigrants, and now that God has blessed them, it’s time to give back. Our vision is: ‘Blessed to be a blessing to others.’”

Fig. 4 Friday Food Pantry Distribution at Boston Missionary Baptist Church. Emmanuel Gospel Center.

Pastor Marc Lefevre of Boston Missionary Baptist Church said the church uses its space to provide community services such as computer and English language training, food distribution, and immigration support.

“We are open to the community—many local organizations use our space for their meetings or gatherings,” he said. “They know it’s open for them. We don’t charge for the space; we see it as a blessing from the Lord.”⁶

This idea of the church as a community hub extends to all who enter its doors, whether they are members of the congregation or people in need. When churches embrace this role, they become places of refuge, support, and connection for the entire community. The 2016 report by Partners for Sacred Spaces found that "87% of the beneficiaries of community programs and events housed in sacred places are not members of the religious congregation. In effect, America's sacred places are de facto community hubs.”⁷

This has been especially true for Black churches which have played a critical role in the formation and maintenance of Black life in America for centuries. In Boston, churches have been the heart of movements that have advanced human and civil rights from abolition in the 19th century to anti-violence organizing in the 1990s. A combination of historical, social, and economic factors has led to significant displacement of Boston's Black community which has had a profound impact on churches, particularly in their role as social and cultural centers. This displacement has challenged Black churches' ability to maintain their central role in fostering community cohesion, cultural identity, and social services, while also pushing them to adapt and advocate for the preservation of their communities amidst gentrification and economic pressures.

Examining Who is Inside & Outside the Church

As churches continue to function as crucial community hubs, one question arises: Who do you find inside and outside the church, and are they one and the same? Does the congregation reflect the community? Suppose your local community includes people experiencing homelessness. How can the church’s offerings holistically include not just spiritual nourishment but also practical services such as a free or subsidized laundromat, showers, haircuts, and access to housing—making the church a genuine, welcoming place for them to belong? How can the utilization of church space contribute to a closer integration of the congregation and the local community?

While churches can serve as community hubs, it's crucial to establish clear boundaries on how people use the space. A church’s space does not need to become everything to everyone, and it's important to communicate this to both the congregation and the broader community.

“Who do you find inside and outside the church, and are they one and the same? Does the congregation reflect the community?”

I discussed the challenge of setting boundaries around the use of church space with Yulieth Ramos from Congregación León de Judáh in the South End neighborhood of Boston. When I asked how she would respond to people who believe the church should be open to anyone at any time because of its role as a sanctuary, she said the church is responsible for stewarding its space well for the sake of all who use it.

“What I said to one person who asked me that question was, ‘I understand that the church is open, but we have to take care of the space because we're using it every day,’” she said. “Even if someone wanted to stay overnight, we would have to do so much to ensure that this space remains safe in the evenings and still usable by the other people who share it during the day. While we are a church and we do want to help, we're not a shelter, and if someone needs one, we can help them find it. We have to set boundaries to ensure this place remains safe and accessible by all the groups that use it.”⁸

Churches are encouraged to stay true to their mission and vision while remaining flexible on implementation. Some congregations experience mission drift as they begin to evolve into nonprofits. One way to maintain a distinction between these roles is to establish separate entities and management to ensure that efforts to make the space more available for community needs don't overshadow the primary call to steward the congregation's spiritual life.

Community Partnerships

Developing strong community partnerships is a crucial opportunity for churches looking to maximize the impact of their properties. By opening their facilities to local organizations and community groups, churches can foster stronger ties within the neighborhood and enhance their ability to serve. These partnerships can generate additional revenue through space rentals, collaborative programs, or funding opportunities for innovative projects that benefit the entire community.

However, churches should carefully consider who they partner with and how these partnerships align with their values and theology of stewardship. Some churches may avoid collaborations with for-profit entities, while others might see such partnerships as a creative way to further their mission.

Regardless of the approach, if a church considers opening its space to its neighbors, it is essential to involve community stakeholders in shaping how the space will be used. Including community partners in the planning process not only ensures that the space is utilized in the most beneficial ways but also fosters a stronger investment in the space and its activities. This approach creates greater community buy-in, helping the church maintain its role as a vital and enduring presence in the neighborhood.

Preservation and Modernization

Balancing the need to preserve historic church buildings with the necessity of modernization is a challenge that presents significant opportunities for churches. Many church leaders are deeply concerned with how their properties can continue to serve future generations while maintaining their historical and architectural integrity.

"We're fixing that tower so that the next generation doesn't have to worry about it and can focus on something else,” Pastor Larry Kim of Central Square Church in Cambridge, Massachusetts, said. “Our job is to ensure that this remains a church, a place of worship for the next generation, and that it continues. When I watch our kids run around, have space to play, grow, and be discipled, I feel like it’s really been worth it—worth paying for the restoration of that window that gives sunlight to my kids as they’re being discipled."⁹

Pastor Lange from East Coast International Church in Lynn, Massachusetts, said he is passionate about leaving a legacy.

“All of our facility, building, and capital campaigns are called ‘Legacy,’” he said. “We're driving home this idea that all of this is for the next generation and the generations beyond that.”

Investing in energy-efficient upgrades, accessibility improvements, code compliance, and sustainable practices can reduce long-term costs and align with a church’s commitment to environmental stewardship. These updates can also make the space more welcoming and functional for a broader range of activities and community uses.

“We’re fixing that tower so that the next generation doesn’t have to worry about it and can focus on something else. Our job is to ensure that this remains a church, a place of worship for the next generation, and that it continues.”

— Pastor Larry Kim, Central Square Church

However, securing grants and funding for preservation projects can be challenging. Churches need to seek resources that support the physical upkeep of the building while allowing them at the same time to invest in the community and the people who use the space.

Working with experts in historic preservation and exploring innovative funding options—such as community crowdfunding or matching grants—can help congregations navigate this complex landscape. If a church does not already have a historic designation, exploring that option could unlock access to a pool of funding that would otherwise be unavailable.

It's critical to recognize the significant challenges involved in preserving historic spaces. There’s often a lot of red tape, and the specialized skills required for restoration are typically offered by only a few companies, meaning that the millions of dollars spent usually leave the local community.

To address these issues, it's essential to create accessible training and education as well as opportunities for emerging small businesses to build the capital needed to offer these services, thereby fostering greater equity within the preservation system.

Churches should also establish budgets for ongoing maintenance, preventative work, and future renovations, and develop plans for funding these needs.

The Church’s Stewardship Moment

As churches in Boston and beyond navigate the complexities of property management, there’s a unique opportunity for congregations to take the time to reflect on their approach to utilizing their space. The theology of a church’s decision-makers plays a crucial role in the stewardship of resources and assets. Aligning a congregation’s property with its mission—and finding sustainable ways to do so—is paramount.

While some congregations or denominations may have leaned toward protecting their assets for various reasons, this article presents a challenge to be more generous with the resources God has blessed them with for the benefit of the wider community and to consider how their buildings can be used not just as places of worship, but as dynamic resources that contribute to the shalom of the city. The decisions churches make today about stewarding these spaces will shape their legacies for generations to come.

“Be creative and take risks,” said Mr. Jarell from the Cathedral Church of St. Paul in downtown Boston. “I think that churches, in general, are at an interesting crossroads right now, where the traditional use of church space has diminished—we all know that. But there's an opportunity right now for churches to articulate a vision for how space can be used in a different and innovative way.”

“Be creative and take risks.”

— Matthew Jarell, Cathedral Church of St. Paul

Churches can begin that journey by asking themselves how they can leverage their assets, what causes they can support, and how they can galvanize their local neighborhoods.

“Can we inspire passion among everyone in our community—not just people that attend church on Sundays or have been parishioners for years and years, but also people that may have never thought to enter the doors of a church before?” Mr. Jarell said.

As he considered the Cathedral’s role in the life of the city over the past few years, Mr. Jarell reflected on how much has changed downtown since the coronavirus pandemic. There was little conception of what life would be like. But the aftermath presents new possibilities.

“Through this process of everything crumbling and falling apart, and things changing, and the world morphing into something new, we have an opportunity to reshape what the life of our city looks like,” he said. “These sacred spaces in time are liminal moments, and we're in one right now. The opportunity is there, so seize it.”

Mathew Jarell, interviewed by author, September 29, 2023.↩︎
Kurt Lange, interviewed by author, November 3, 2023.↩︎
Partners for Sacred Places, “The Economic Halo Effect of Historic Sacred Places,” Sacred Places: The Magazine of Partners for Sacred Places, The National Report, 2016, https://sacredplaces.org/info/publications/halo-studies/, accessed October 3, 2024.↩︎
Davie Hernandez, interviewed by author, August 29, 2023.↩︎
Daniel Chan, interviewed by author, September 20, 2023.↩︎
Marc Levefre, interviewed by author, November 10, 2023.↩︎
Partners for Sacred Places, “The Economic Halo Effect of Historic Sacred Places,” 5.↩︎
Yulieth Ramos, interviewed by author, August 30, 2023.↩︎
Larry Kim, interviewed by author, October 11, 2023.↩︎

See "Christian Creatives and the Church"

Resources

Boston Church Directory

The Boston Church Directory may be used for a variety of scholarly, relational, and spiritual purposes.

Church History

Explore the history of the Church in Boston with a look at Christian movements through the centuries.

Saranya Sathananthan 10/25/24 Saranya Sathananthan 10/25/24

Four Ways Churches Use Their Space for Economic Empowerment

Four Ways Churches Use Their Space for Economic Empowerment

by Saranya Sathananthan, Researcher in Residence

1. Commercial Kitchens

Many churches have large kitchens with various appliances and accessories that remain underutilized for most of the week. Occasionally, congregation members use these spaces to prepare food for church events or partner with nonprofits to cook meals for distribution or soup kitchens. However, many of these kitchens are not licensed, limiting their use. Imagine the significant economic impact of investing in transforming these kitchens into licensed commercial kitchens.

Food served at public events must be prepared by businesses operating out of licensed kitchens, with the appropriate permits for food handling. Boston has a limited number of shared commercial kitchens where caterers can legally cook for events. Churches offering these spaces to community members would provide crucial support to small businesses needing such facilities throughout the city.

However, running a licensed shared kitchen involves navigating considerable regulatory red tape. Therefore, churches would need to partner with individuals or businesses experienced in this area and develop a partnership where the business operates out of the church space. This collaboration could unlock new opportunities for both the church and the community, contributing to local economic growth.

Fig. 1 A commissary kitchen operating out of First Baptist Church Jamaica Plain.

Fig. 2 A commissary kitchen operating out of First Baptist Church Jamaica Plain.

2. Early Childhood Education (Daycares and Schools)

The cost of childcare in major cities like Boston is staggering. The average weekly daycare cost in 2023 was $321, up 13% from $284 in 2022, which can amount to over $1,500 per month¹—if you're fortunate enough to find it that low here in the city. Families often have to tap into savings and rely on both household incomes to cover these expenses. Parents face difficult decisions about whether it's even worth it for both to return to work, as much of their income goes directly to childcare costs.² The issue is compounded by the limited supply of childcare options, leading to lengthy waitlists, sometimes extending for a year before the child is even born.

In the United Kingdom, many churches have stepped in to provide childcare services, offering much-needed support to families.³ For churches in Boston, creating affordable daycare or a private preschool could be a meaningful social enterprise, especially if there are individuals within the congregation who have the knowledge and passion for running such an initiative. Alternatively, churches might consider partnering with individuals or organizations interested in starting their own school or daycare, provided they share similar values—even if the focus is not on Christian education.

There are, of course, regulatory restrictions to consider, such as compliance with building codes. However, by working closely with a school or daycare partner, churches can either collaborate to make the necessary changes or include those requirements as part of the agreement, ensuring that the partner is responsible for compliance. While some churches may have dedicated spaces for a school or daycare, utilizing shared or multi-use spaces is becoming more common—especially in urban settings. What works best will depend on the needs of both the church and the childcare provider, and it will likely require some compromise to find a solution that benefits everyone involved.

Fig. 3 Entryway to a sanctuary that is used as a preschool during the day at First Baptist Church of Jamaica Plain.

Fig. 4 Entryway to a sanctuary that is used as a preschool during the day at First Baptist Church of Jamaica Plain.

3. Affordable Housing

The 2023 Greater Boston Housing Report Card, produced by the Boston Foundation, highlights a growing crisis. An increasing number of residents across all income and education levels are leaving the region due to skyrocketing housing costs for rentals and homeownership. The existing housing supply does not meet the demand. And Massachusetts lags behind other states in producing more housing—particularly housing that is affordable to middle- and low-income individuals and families.

The Metro Mayors Coalition, which comprises 15 municipalities in Massachusetts, has set a goal to produce 185,000 new housing units between 2015 and 2030 to address this imbalance. However, Boston remains one of the most expensive rental markets in the nation, and the disparities across racial lines are significant according to the housing report card: “Black and Latino families are still far less likely than White or Asian families to own homes in Greater Boston.”⁴ The report also examined affordability, defining a household as "cost burdened" if it spends more than 30% of its income on housing. The findings were stark: “The majority of renter households in Greater Boston earning less than $75,000 are cost burdened. Overall, about half of renters and a quarter of homeowners in the region are cost burdened.”⁵

Imagine if churches could help address this issue by creating affordable housing for renters and homeowners in Boston, particularly for those most vulnerable to being financially pushed out of the city. The income saved by residents through church-created affordable housing could significantly contribute to the city’s economic vitality in numerous other ways. For churches open to exploring this non-traditional option, partnering with developers to create affordable housing on their properties is a viable path. Some churches in Greater Boston, such as East Coast International Church in Lynn, Massachusetts, and St. Katharine Drexel Parish in Roxbury, Massachusetts, are already doing this. While it's not easy—requiring access to various city, state, and federal incentives and working with mission-oriented developers rather than purely profit-driven ones—it can make a substantial impact.

For churches where working with developers and funding agencies feels too complex or misaligned with their values, there are other ways to provide affordable housing. Several churches in Boston still own other properties, such as parish houses, which were traditionally used to offer free or low-cost housing for clergy and their families. Many are considering using these parish houses or other properties to provide housing for vulnerable groups. For instance, Restoration City Church in Roxbury, Massachusetts, operates Jasmine’s House, which offers a haven for women rebuilding their lives after being trafficked. Other churches use parish houses as temporary housing for migrants and refugees. There are numerous possibilities.

Moreover, many parachurch ministries actively seek housing for the different groups they serve. This situation presents an excellent partnership opportunity for churches to make their housing assets available for ministry purposes, further extending their impact on the community.

4. Spaces for the Arts

Many major cities are committed to funding the arts. In Boston, significant investments have been made to ensure an equitable recovery for the arts and culture sector following the coronavirus pandemic, supporting everything from theater and dance to public art and libraries. In fiscal year 2023, the City of Boston allocated $25 million in American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) funding to bolster arts and cultural activities in downtown Boston and neighborhoods across the city as part of their community revitalization efforts. While ARPA funding has concluded, opportunities for the arts continue to thrive.⁶

Imagine artists using church spaces as studios, galleries, rehearsal spaces, and performance venues. Church communities sometimes undervalue artists, yet they contribute immensely to the cultural vitality of our neighborhoods.

There are numerous opportunities for churches to collaborate with local artists and even co-apply for funding to support public art initiatives. By utilizing non-traditional spaces, such as church properties, for artistic endeavors, churches can create vibrant cultural hubs that benefit and positively impact the community.

Fig. 5 Performance of Benjamin Brittain's "The Prodigal Son" by Enigma Chamber Opera in February 2024 in the Cathedral Church of St. Paul’s sanctuary in Boston. According to the church, part of its strategic plan is to “strengthen the civic fabric by hosting events at the intersection of arts, education, and faith that bring together a wide range of people and address relevant issues of our time.” Photo credit: Rev. Amy McCreath

Fig. 6 The future location of The Center for Faith, Art, and Justice at First Baptist Church of Jamaica Plain in Boston. This space was destroyed by a fire in 2005, and efforts are underway to fundraise to complete its restoration.

Fig. 7 The renovated sanctuary will feature a gallery space. Rendered images courtesy of First Baptist Church of Jamaica Plain.

Fig. 8 The renovated sanctuary will feature a gallery space. Rendered images courtesy of First Baptist Church of Jamaica Plain.

By leveraging their properties in these strategic ways, churches can play a vital role in the economic vitality of their neighborhoods. When cities invest in church spaces, it creates a win-win situation, enabling churches to continue their presence and contributions to the community.

These are only a few opportunities I see having potential for impact. But it’s important to note that the first step before launching into any of these paths is for church leaders to begin these conversations with community stakeholders and city leaders to discern where there is momentum for collaboration and building something new together. It may take years before anything visible is accomplished, yet those relationships built from the onset are foundational for long-term success.

Care.com Editorial Staff, “This is What Child Care Costs in 2024,” 2024 Cost of Care Report, CARE, Jan. 17, 2024, https://www.care.com/c/how-much-does-child-care-cost/.↩︎
Kristi Palma, “Child Care Expenses are Crippling, Say Boston.com Readers,” Boston.com, March 2, 2023, https://www.boston.com/community/readers-say/child-care-expenses-are-crippling-say-boston-com-readers/.↩︎
Hope Together, “Talking Toddlers,” (Research Report), 2020, accessed October 3, 2024, https://www.hopetogether.org.uk/Publisher/File.aspx?ID=257900.↩︎
Sonia Gupta and Sandy Kendall, eds., “The Greater Boston Housing Report Card 2023 with a Special Analysis of Community Land Trusts,” The Boston Foundation, 2023, 32, accessed October 3, 2024, https://www.tbf.org/news-and-insights/reports/2023/november/2023-greater-boston-housing-report-card.↩︎
Gupta and Kendall, “The Greater Boston Housing Report Card 2023,” 40, https://www.tbf.org/news-and-insights/reports/2023/november/2023-greater-boston-housing-report-card.↩︎
“Strengthening Arts and Culture,” City of Boston: Mayor’s Office of Arts and Culture. July 1, 2022, https://www.boston.gov/departments/budget/strengthening-arts-and-culture.↩︎

Resources

BPS Engagement Toolkit

The Boston Public Schools Engagement Toolkit resource includes data, opportunities for volunteers to engage, stories of church-school partnerships, a prayer guide, and more.

Exploring a church-school partnership

How do you start and sustain a successful partnership with a local public school? Here is a roadmap your church can explore as it discerns its level of involvement.

Love Shows Up

Symphony Church in Allston partnered with Jackson/Mann K-8 School in Allston for several years before the school closed. The church served as a critical partner during the pandemic.

Ministering to the Whole Family

From obstacles with virtual learning to parents losing jobs, the coronavirus pandemic has made life difficult for many children in Boston. Despite the challenges, Christian leaders at ministries offering after-school and summer programs say they are witnessing God’s goodness and grace toward the children and their families.

The Good You All Are Doing: Youth Research & Community Dialogue

Youth in Lower Roxbury interview seniors in their community as part of a 2019 Youth Participatory Action Research project called “Learning from the Past to Build a Stronger Future.” Find out what they learned, and the strategic community actions they’re taking this year.

The Value of Making Youth Voices Heard [VIDEO]

The BEC was privileged to work with some amazing youth leaders last school year, training them to be community researchers in the Lenox/Camden area by using the tool of participatory action research. We were also blessed to collaborate with Vibrant Boston, St. Stephen's Youth Programs, Crosstown Church International, and Boston College School of Social Work to make this program a success. See the video for a short intro.

Local Youth Insights: Community Youth Survey Lower Roxbury

Youth are a resource to their community. The DELTA Youth (Diverse Excellent Leaders Taking Action) are a group of nine youth participating in the South End/Lower Roxbury based Making Youth Voices Heard initiative, a collaboration for community learning among youth, social work students, youth-focused non-profit programs, and community members.

Urban Youth Culture Research [Resource List]

How are people of faith to understand urban youth culture? How can the Church best interact with urban youth? Youth and Culture Professor Dean Borgman provides qualitative research resources for the urban youth practitioner to develop a framework and approach for more effective ministry.

God Met Me in Boston [Interview]

Is Boston post-Christian? Social work student and Roxbury youth leader Cherchaela Spellen tells us her story of coming to God personally after moving to Boston.

2018 Resources for Urban Youth Workers on Cultural Trends

How can busy youth workers and ministers stay on top of trends affecting youth? Dean Borgman offers some starting points.

[Video] 2018 Trends in Youth Culture

[VIDEO] Trends in youth culture, along with conversation starters and resources for parents, youth workers, and trend spotters. Lecture by Prof. Dean Borgman at the Center for Urban Ministerial Education in Boston.

Making Youth Voices Heard: Teens Work Against Gun Violence in Lower Roxbury

Teens in Lower Roxbury have felt the threat and impact of gun violence much of their lives. The youth of the Making Youth Voices Heard program want to do something about it. They're engaged in a youth participatory action research project to explore the causes and outcomes of gun violence in the Lenox-Camden neighborhood, as well as links to poverty, education, drug use, and employment.

Boston Climate Dialogues: 3 Fall Events

Join us for three Boston climate talks at EGC this fall! Guest speakers include Mia Mansfield, Mariama White-Hammond, Gabriela Boscia, and Melinda Vega. Come learn with us as we become more informed and ready to support local leaders doing important climate resilience work in our neighborhoods and city.

Hope for Lenox Street: Pastors' Breakfast with the Melnea Cass Network

New in Lower Roxbury--Pastors and leaders serving the Lenox Street area met to consider a wider collaboration with the Melnea Cass Network, a group dedicated to "eliminating youth violence and poverty, one neighborhood at a time."

About the Melnea Cass Network

MCN believes that youth can thrive and overcome the systemic problems of their environment if they have a network of social support that addresses physical, vocational, social and spiritual needs. The MCN is working to convene local leaders for shared learning and collaborative action towards that common purpose. MCN's mission is "ending youth poverty and violence one neighborhood at a time."

Urban Youth Mentoring

he presence of a caring adult in the life of a youth is one of the key factors in influencing a child’s behavior. In addition to parenting, mentoring youth in an urban context provides a highly strategic social-spiritual opportunity to shape future generations and address broader societal issues, including youth violence. In this issue from 2008, EGC Senior Researcher Rudy Mitchell summarizes his research on mentoring youth in an urban context. See also the concluding list of links and resources.

A Timeline of BEC's Impact on Boston Communities

Since its founding, the BEC has helped make an impact on church-based programs in Greater Boston that help urban residents reach educational goals.

The Boston Education Collaborative's Partnership with Boston Public Schools

Church-school partnerships. Do they work? Is it a win-win for both parties? Learn about how EGC’s Boston Education Collaborative is having success matching churches with local schools. And find out more about the other work of the BEC to help encourage and equip Christian leaders in Boston who work in educational settings.

Rudy Mitchell 10/24/24 Rudy Mitchell 10/24/24

What happens when church buildings close?

Churches faced with aging buildings, lack of parking, and aging, dispersed membership may find selling their buildings necessary—or even advantageous. What happens to the buildings when they do?

Trends and status of Christian institutional property ownership in the City of Boston

by Rudy Mitchell, Senior Researcher

Boston is home to about 575 Christian churches. While many of these rent space from other churches, organizations, or private owners, a significant number of congregations own and meet in traditional church buildings, former commercial properties, or converted residential buildings.

Currently, churches and their denominations own about 320 properties in Boston, including 256 buildings primarily used for worship, ministry, and service.

In recent decades, some church-owned buildings have been sold to other congregations, developers, and private business owners. As a result, about 45 buildings formerly owned by churches or religious organizations have been lost to the Christian community as well as the communities and neighborhoods these churches once served and called home.

These churches not only contributed to the spiritual well-being of their neighborhoods but also played an important role in sustaining the social fabric of their communities. Many provided a variety of social services and enriched civic life. Memories of important life events were tied to these sacred spaces.

As a result, the loss of these congregations and sacred spaces has had a deeper impact than is often realized.

In a constantly changing city and culture, there are many reasons why congregations decline, and church buildings are sold. To stay vital to the life of the community, churches require spiritual renewal and the ability to adapt to younger generations. Shifting demographics also can affect congregations, particularly when their members move to different areas farther from the church building.

In the Boston area, this movement of people is influenced by ever-rising housing costs and, in some neighborhoods, gentrification: the process of higher-earning and more educated residents moving into historically marginalized neighborhoods. While gentrification brings increased financial investment and renovation to a neighborhood, it often also leads to a rise in housing costs, which results in the displacement of long-time residents. This dynamic disrupts congregations, as church members may be displaced or move elsewhere. Churches faced with aging buildings, lack of parking, and aging, dispersed membership may find selling their buildings necessary—or even advantageous. Sometimes, congregations that were renting space are no longer able to afford the cost.

What happened to these buildings?

Congregations, which own and meet in residential houses, often adapted the first-floor space for worship. In several cases, when sold, the new owner has changed the occupancy, converting the space into a residence and adding an additional unit.

Iglesia de Dios Pentecostal at 68 Day St. in Jamaica Plain used the first floor for church services, but after the building was sold, the first floor was changed into a residential unit.
The Greater Community Baptist Church at 27 Howland St. in Roxbury used to meet in a converted house with a brick addition on the front. When this property was sold, the new owner removed the addition and converted the building to a two-family house.
Iglesia de Dios de la Profecia owned a tax-exempt converted house at 20 Moreland St. in Roxbury, which was sold and converted into a private two-family residence.
On Melville Avenue in Dorchester, the Salvation Army used a large house and 35,000-square-foot lot as a ministry center and church called Jubilee Christian Fellowship. When sold in 2022, the property was turned into a two-family luxury residential building.

While several houses used as church buildings have been sold, congregations such as the Church of God and Saints of Christ on Crawford Street and Spirit and Life Bible Church on Columbia Road continue to meet in converted houses.

In the past, numerous churches met in commercial or storefront properties, even in neighborhoods like the city's South End. Some storefront churches rented space, while others purchased the buildings when prices were relatively low. As rental prices rose and neighborhoods gentrified, several churches renting storefronts had to move out or close.

One rental storefront church space became a dental office, and another became a restaurant. Several church spaces have become laundromats. For example, the Full Life Gospel Center in Codman Square decided to sell its storefront property and buy another Dorchester church building whose Haitian congregation had moved to a former synagogue in Randolph. The former Full Life Gospel Center property on Washington Street was then renovated into a laundromat.

“Over the last 50 years in Boston, as the city has changed and property has become much more expensive, many former storefront churches have disappeared.”

Although churches, which own commercial-type space, generally have not needed to move, some have chosen to sell and relocate or buy other buildings. Grace Church of All Nations in Dorchester chose to sell its storefront property to a CVS Pharmacy and purchased a former Christian Science Church in Roxbury. Over the last 50 years in Boston, as the city has changed and property has become increasingly expensive, many former storefront churches have disappeared.

From the 1950s to 1970s, as neighborhood churches in Boston declined and congregations were leaving the city, many church buildings and synagogues were sold or passed on to new Black, Haitian, or Hispanic congregations. In recent years, some church buildings have been sold to other congregations, while many others have been lost to the religious community altogether.

Some churches with valuable properties may have concluded their assets could be better spent on more extensive, less expensive, and more modern facilities in other areas, closer to where their congregants live. Those congregants who used to live in Lower Roxbury, Roxbury, or Dorchester may now live outside the city because of escalating housing costs in Boston. Although some churches that have sold city buildings have rented temporarily, most have purchased other buildings.

The 45 church buildings cited earlier represent over 30 congregations that have closed permanently. Others have either moved elsewhere in the city—such as Grace Church of All Nations, New Hope Baptist Church, Full Life Gospel Center, Mount Calvary Baptist Church, Church of God of Prophecy, Boston Chinese Evangelical Church—or moved out of the city—such as Trinity Latvian, Christ the Rock Metro, Concord Baptist Church, and Ebenezer Baptist. Some congregations, such as Holy Mount Zion Church, New Fellowship Baptist/Spirit and Truth, and Mount Calvary Holy Church, are left in limbo due to fires, structural deterioration, or financial constraints.

Although some churches have relocated outside the city of Boston, the overall number is still relatively small compared to the total number of churches currently in the city. As lower- and middle-income Boston residents, as well as new immigrants, settle in communities farther from downtown, new churches are also starting up in these communities. At the same time, inner-city churches are losing members who no longer commute back to their former congregations.

When traditional church properties are sold to non-church buyers, they are mostly converted into market-rate residential units, such as condos or apartments. However, there are notable exceptions to this: St. James African Orthodox Church in Roxbury, Hill Memorial Baptist Church in Allston-Brighton, and Boston Chinese Evangelical Church in Chinatown.

St. James African Orthodox was rescued from demolition and private development through neighborhood activism and the help of Historic Boston, Inc., which purchased the building, made repairs, and eventually resold it to a community organization, the Roxbury Action Program. (In the process, Historic Boston, Inc. tried to interest other churches and community organizations in developing the building cooperatively; however, no churches could take on the project.)

Hill Memorial Baptist worked with a neighborhood development organization and the City of Boston to see their church sale result in plans for affordable senior housing, with the church building preserved to serve as a social center for the new residents. The church, its denomination, and the Allston Brighton Community Development Corporation went through a five-year partnership and planning process to achieve positive outcomes for the community and church.

Boston Chinese Evangelical is another unique example of a traditional church-building sale. Over the years, church leaders were in dialogue with the City of Boston and the Boston Public Schools about their church building and property in Chinatown, which was in a strategic location next to the Quincy Elementary School. After the congregation purchased a large, nearby building at 120 Shawmut Ave., it sold its church building to the city. The church building was demolished, and the new Josiah Quincy Upper School was built on the site.

While the St. James African Orthodox and Hill Memorial Baptist congregations closed, the Boston Chinese Evangelical congregation continues to use a diverse portfolio of property that includes rented worship space at the Josiah Quincy Elementary School, its multi-purpose building at 120 Shawmut Ave., and a Newton, Massachusetts, satellite church building.

Preserving and sustaining church congregations and their properties is critical for the health of Boston’s neighborhoods. Churches’ physical and spiritual presence contributes to their communities on many levels.

Congregations that want to stay in their current neighborhoods can seek ways to serve others and sustain themselves by renting space to community groups or other congregations. Churches looking to close or relocate and sell can plan and consider positive outcomes for their building by selling to another church or community-serving organization. They can also work to see community development efforts, such as community centers or affordable housing units, built within the church or on its site.